A STUDY ON ENGLISH NOUN PHRASES IN FOOTBALL NEWS IN THE JAKARTA POST PUBLISHED DURING THE FIFA WORLD CUP 2006 AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By ANGELIA MAYA RATRI KUSUMA Student Number: 024214001 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2007 i ii iii Worry about words, Bobby. Your grandmother is right For whatever else you may do, you will be using words always. All day, and every day, words matter. Though you live in a barrel and speak to nobody but yourself, words matter…… For words are the tools of thought A.P. Herbert iv Ya TUHAN, Aku memberi Engkau kebebasan penuh dalam hidupku untuk mendatangkan kebahagiaan ataupun kesusahan; demi memperhalus sifatku, untuk memuliakan Engkau, atau untuk belajar apapun yang ingin Kau ajarkan kepadaku mengenai Engkau. Aku ingin membiarkan Engkau menyingkapkan peristiwa-peristiwa dalam hidupku di dalam kebijaksaan-Mu sesuai dengan rencana-Mu yang penuh kuasa. AMIN. A prayer from Mas Indra ‘n Mba Tatik 29th March 2007 v This thesis is dedicated to Jesus Christ My caring Papa My wonderful Mama My beloved brother, Theo vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My deepest gratefulness is to Jesus Christ for guiding me in everything I do and pouring me with His miracles. Writing this thesis is a very long journey for me but I thank Him because He has placed me among people who always support me to finish this thesis. I would like to give my deepest thankfulness for Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., my advisor whom I greatly admire, for understanding my difficulties, guiding me patiently and encouraging me to finish my thesis. I would also like to address my thanks to my co advisor Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum, for giving constructive suggestions and evaluation, and convincing me to finish my thesis as soon as possible. I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to all the lecturers for giving me priceless knowledge and guidance. I would like to thank the staff of The English Letters Department, especially Mbak Ninik, and the librarians for their help. I am deeply indebted to my beloved parents, Mama for being a helpful companion, Papa for cheering me up when I’m sad, also for my special brother for being a truly best friend. I thank them for their everlasting love and affection. I dedicate this thesis to them. I also thank Mbak Tatik and Mas Indra to raise me up whenever I am down. It is also a special thing for me to experience the great love from Bapak and Ibu Satmoko as well as their beloved son, Satriyo Setiawan. No matter what happens, he always ensures me that life is beautiful! vii I am also grateful to all of my friends. I am thankful to sweet Elisa for being my truthful pal, for sharing every glittering time. She is the best shoulder to cry on. I am thankful to my reliable friends: Berbudi Yudhosunu, Ochie, Lira, Swesty, Grace, Linda, Yani, Lia, Titin, Olive, Kuncup, Thomas, Nuke, Fena, B’not, Ko David and all my friends in SING 2002 for the unforgettable friendship. My sincere thanks go to mudika St. Patrick and lektor St. Yohanes C. They always color my life and show me what a wonderful friendship is. I want to thank my Sunsmile Kids fellows and Ms. Detty for being very understanding to me. It is extremely enjoyable to work with them. Last but not least, my appreciation goes to numerous individuals whose name I cannot mention. It is their support that makes this thesis possible. Angelia Maya Ratri Kusuma viii TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………… i APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………….. ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ………………………………………….……… iii MOTTO PAGE …………………………………………………………. iv DEDICATION PAGE …………………………………………………... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………….. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………….. ix LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………… xi ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………….. xii ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………… xiii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ……………………………………... 1 A. Background of the Study ……………………………………… 1 B. Problem Formulation ………………………………………….. 4 C. Objectives of the Study ……………………………………….. 4 D. Definition of Terms …………………………………………… 4 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW ………………………….. 6 A. Review of Related Studies ……………………………………. 6 B. Review of Related Theories …………………………………... 8 1. Theory of Noun Phrases …………………………………….. 8 2. The Elements of Noun Phrases ……………………………... 9 a. The Head …………………………………………………. 9 b. Determiners ………………………………………………. 10 1) Predeterminers ………………………………………… 10 2) Central Determiners …………………………………… 11 3) Postdeterminers ………………………………………... 11 c. Modifiers …………………………………………………. 11 1) Premodifiers …………………………………………… 12 2) Postmodifiers ………………………………………...... 14 3. Theory of the Types of the Noun Phrases …………………... 15 4. The Nature of News ………………………………………… 16 a. Theory of News …………………………………………... 16 b. The Language of News …………………………………... 17 C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………….......... 21 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ………………………………….. 22 A. The Object of the Study ………………………………………. 22 B. Population and Sampling ……………………………………… 23 C. Data Collection and Processing Activities ……………………. 24 D. Data Analysis …………………………………………………. 24 ix CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS …………………………………………... 26 A. The Elements of Noun Phrases ……………………………….. 26 1. The Head ……………………………………………………. 28 2. Determiners …………………………………………………. 31 3. Premodifiers ………………………………………………… 34 4. Postmodifiers ……………………………………………….. 36 B. The Types of Noun Phrases …………………………………… 39 C. The Average Length of the Noun Phrases …………………….. 46 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ……………………………………….. 50 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………... 52 APPENDIX …………………………………………………………….. 55 Appendix 1 ……………………………………………………….. 55 x LIST OF TABLES Table 1. The Elements of Noun Phrase…………………………………………. 27 Table 2. The Types of Noun Phrase ……………………………………………..40 xi ABSTRACT ANGELIA MAYA RATRI KUSUMA (2007). A Study of English Noun Phrases in Football News in The Jakarta Post published during the FIFA World Cup 2006. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. A noun phrase is a phrase which has a noun as its head. The noun phrase can be found in almost every sentence because a sentence usually consists of a verb phrase and a noun phrase. By understanding noun phrases someone is able to understand a sentence. However, the structure of English noun phrase is different from Indonesian. The difference may cause difficulties in understanding English noun phrase. Concerning the statement above, the writer is interested in studying English noun phrases that occur in football news in The Jakarta Post. In football news, there are many active sentences which require the occurrence of noun phrase to complete the thematic role. Moreover, many people are fond of football thus they are always enthusiastic to know every football news. This thesis has three objectives. The first objective is to identify the elements of noun phrase in football news. The second is to identify the types of noun phrase that mostly occur in the football news. The third objective is to identify the average length of those noun phrases. The method employed in this study is a descriptive study, meaning that it describes the elements of noun phrase, the type mostly occurs and the average length of those noun phrases. The number of the noun phrases used as the data is 451 which are taken from 5 articles in The Jakarta Post published during the FIFA World Cup 2006. The method of sampling was convenient sampling. There were some steps in collecting the data. First, the writer collected and identified all the noun phrases occurred in the football news. Second, the writer identified the element realized the noun phrase. Third, the writer classified the noun phrases into their types and counted them. Last, the writer summed up by putting them in a table. From the analysis, it can be concluded that a head of the noun phrase is mostly realized by countable nouns. A definite article occurs as a determiner of a noun phrase, an adjective phrase as a premodifier, and a prepositional phrase as a postmodifier. The most frequent type of noun phrase is type 1, a noun phrase which only consists of a head. After knowing the type that is mostly used, thus the average length can be identified. On average the noun phrases are one-word length. It is because the news writing style is basically simple and concise. The occurrence of simple noun phrase in the football news in The Jakarta Post makes the readers who are mostly Indonesians easy to understand the articles. xii ABSTRAK ANGELIA MAYA RATRI KUSUMA (2007). A Study of English Noun Phrases in Football News in The Jakarta Post published during the FIFA World Cup 2006. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Frasa nominal adalah frasa yang memiliki kata benda sebagai induknya. Frasa nominal dapat ditemukan hampir di seluruh kalimat karena sebuah kalimat biasanya terdiri dari frasa verbal dan frasa nominal. Dengan memahami sebuah frasa nominal seseorang dapat memahami sebuah kalimat. Namun, struktur frasa nominal bahasa Indonesia berbeda dengan bahasa Inggris. Perbedaan tersebut menyebabkan kesulitan dalam memahami frasa nominal bahasa Inggris. Berdasarkan pernyataan tersebut, penulis tertarik untuk mempelajari frasa nominal bahasa Inggris yang terdapat dalam berita sepakbola di koran The Jakarta Post. Dalam berita sepakbola, terdapat banyak kalimat aktif yang memerlukan frasa nominal untuk melengkapi pola kalimatnya. Terlebih lagi, banyak orang menyukai