Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 106 (2011) 18–26 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Invertebrate Pathology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jip Minireview Bacterial diseases of crabs: A review ⇑ W. Wang Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China article info abstract Keywords: Bacterial diseases of crabs are manifested as bacteremias caused by organisms such as Vibrio, Aeromo- Bacteria nas, and a Rhodobacteriales-like organism or tissue and organ tropic organisms such as chitinoclastic Disease bacteria, Rickettsia intracellular organisms, Chlamydia-like organism, and Spiroplasma. This paper pro- Crab vides general information about bacterial diseases of both marine and freshwater crabs. Some bacteria pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus occur commonly in blue crab haemolymph and should be paid much attention to because they may represent potential health hazards to human beings because they can cause serious diseases when the crab is consumed as raw sea food. With the development of aquaculture, new diseases associated with novel pathogens such as spiroplasmas and Rhodobacteriales-like organisms have appeared in commercially exploited crab species in recent years. Many potential approaches to control bacterial diseases of crab will be helpful and practicable in aquaculture. Ó 2010 Published by Elsevier Inc. Contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 18 2. Vibrio and bacteremia . .......................................................................................... 19 3. Chitinoclastic bacteria (other than Vibrio) associated with shell disease . .................................................... 20 4. Aeromonas . .......................................................................................................... 21 5. Rickettsia intracellular organisms or Rickettsia-like organisms (RLOs) . .................................................... 21 6. Chlamydia-like organism . .......................................................................................... 22 7. Spiroplasma .......................................................................................................... 22 8. Rhodobacteriales-like organism . .......................................................................................... 23 9. Potential approaches to control bacterial diseases of crab . .................................................... 23 References . .......................................................................................................... 24 1. Introduction by other chitinolytic or chitinoclastic bacteria which were first described in 1967 (Rosen, 1967). Shell disease continues to re- Bacterial diseases of crabs are not common when compared main a topic of significant research (Comely and Ansell, 1989; to virus and protozoa diseases. A review of the literature indi- Vogan et al., 1999, 2001, 2002) as several decapod species of cates that the majority of studies focus upon bacterial diseases commercial importance are affected. With the development of marine crabs that produce bacteremias or affect the exoskel- and intensification of aquaculture, new bacterial diseases have eton. The genus Vibrio is frequently cited, especially Vibrio para- recently appeared in commercially exploited crab species. These hemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus, which novel pathogens have inflicted heavy losses on the aquaculture commonly occur in blue crab, but are also associated with hu- industry. For example, Spiroplasma sp. in the Chinese mitten man diseases (Krantz et al., 1969; Tubiash and Krantz, 1970; crab, Eriocheir sinensis, is a recent discovery and is the first spi- Sizemore et al., 1975; Davis and Sizemore, 1982; Huq et al., roplasma isolated from a crustacean (Wang et al., 2003b, 2004, 1986). Shell disease is caused by other Vibrio spp. as well as 2010). In this paper, bacterial diseases of crabs, including the most recent new findings, are discussed. In order to present the information clearly, an outline of bacterial diseases is ⇑ Fax: +86 858915265. E-mail address: [email protected] presented in Table. 1. 0022-2011/$ - see front matter Ó 2010 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2010.09.018 W. Wang / Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 106 (2011) 18–26 19 Table 1 Bacteria from different species of crabs, the tissues in which they reside and key references selected by the authors. Parasite Global location Host Tissue Key reference Bacteria Clostridium botulinum type F York River in Virginia Blue crab Callinectes sapidus Haemolymph Williams-Walls (1968) Vibrio parahemolyticus Chesapeake Bay Krantz et al. (1969) Vibrio parahemolyticus Chesapeake Bay Colwell et al., (1975) Sizemore et al. (1975), Sizemore and Davis (1985), Welsh and Sizemore (1985) Galveston Bay, Texas Davis and Sizemore (1982) Vibrio cholerae Potomac River, Washington Gut Huq et al. (1986) Porto Novo Coast. Indian Venkateswaran et al. (1981) Hepatopancreas Johnson (1983) Gills Babinchak et al. (1982) Vibrio spp. Hoseshoe crab, Limulus polyoemus Haemolymph Bang (1956) Puerto Rico Callinectes bocourti, Rivera et al. (1999) Connecticut USA Rock crab, Cancer irroratus Newman and Fen (1982) Rock crab, Cancer irroratus; Shore Spindler-Barth et al. (1976) crabs Carcinus maenas L Chitinoclastic bacteria New York Bight Blue crab Callinectes sapidus Shell Rosen (1967, 1970), Overstreet and Cook (1972), Cook and Lofton (1973), Sandifer and Eldridge (1974), Young and Pearce (1975) Iversen and Beardsley (1976), Noga et al. (1994) Rowan Bay, Alaska Dungeness crab, Cancer magister Morado et al., 1988 Shore crab, C. pagurus Gordon (1966) Bakke (1973) Brittany, France Leglise (1976) Langland Bay, Swansea, UK. Ayre and Edwards, (1982), Vogan et al. (1999), (2001, 2002) Powell and Rowley (2005) New York Bight Rock crab, C. irroratus Shell Young and Pearce (1975), Sawyer (1982), Sawyer (1991) Mid-Atlantic Bight Jonah crab, C. borealis Haefner (1977) South Florida, USA Stone crab, Menippe mercenaria Iversen and Beardsley (1976) New York Bight Red crab, Geryon quinquedens Young (1991), Bullis et al. (1988) South Atlantic Bight Golden crab, C. fenneri Wenner et al. (1987) Eastern Canada Snow crab Chionoecetes opilio Bower et al. (1994) Southern Gulf of St.Lawrence, Benhalima et al. (1998) Canada Tanner crab, Chionoecetes tanneri Baross et al., 1978 Aeromonas trota Brittany France Edible crab Cancer pagurus Haemolymph Leglise and Raguenes (1975) Hangzhou, China Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir Haemolymph, Xu and Xu (2002) sinensis hepatopancreas, muscle Rickettsia-like organism Mediterranean coast of France Carcinus mediterraneus Connective tissue of Bonami and Pappalardo (1980) hepatopancreas, gut, gills and gonads Alaska, USA Blue king crab Paralithodes Hepatopancreatic Johnson (1984) platypus epithelium Southeast Alaska, USA Golden king crabs lithodes Haemolymph, connective Meyers and Shorts (1990) aequispina tissue of hepatopancreas, gut, gills and gonads Jiangsu, China Cheses mitten crab Eriocheir Wang et al. (2001); Zhang et al. sinensis (2002) Chlamydia-like organism Willapa Bay and northern Puget Dungeness crab Cancer magister Connective tissue and Sparks et al. (1985) Sound, Washington, USA connective tissue cells Laboratory-reared Rock crab Cancer irroratus jonah Haemocytes and Leibovitz (1988) crab Cancer borealis haematopoietic tissue Spiroplasma Jiangsu, China Cheses mitten crab Eriocheir Haemolymph and all Wang et al. (2003), Wang et al. (2004) sinensis connective tissue of hepatopancreas, gut, gills and gonads Rhodobacteriales-like Swansea, Wales, UK European shore crab, Carcinus Connective tissue and the Eddy et al. (2007) organism maenas blood vessels 2. Vibrio and bacteremia 1982; Sizemore and Davis, 1985; Welsh and Sizemore, 1985), Cal- linectes bocourti,(Rivera et al., 1999) and rock crab, Cancer irroratus Members of the genus Vibrio are ubiquitous throughout the (Newman and Fen, 1982). Under conditions of Vibrio-caused bac- world and are found associated with many marine and freshwater teremias, a marked reduction in hemocyte numbers and intravas- crustaceans. However, the pathological and physiological effects of cular clotting is observed; the apparent result of an endotoxin in Vibrio infections are best documented in marine crabs where Vibrio the cell wall of the bacterium (Sritunyalucksana and Söderhäll, infections typically cause or produce bacteremias and shell disease. 2000). Vibrio-caused bacteremias have been reported from the blue crab, The blue crab, C. sapidus, soft-shell industry is a major fishery Callinectes sapidus (Krantz et al., 1969; Tubiash and Krantz, 1970; throughout the eastern United States (NOAA Fisheries Office of Colwell et al., 1975; Sizemore et al., 1975; Davis and Sizemore, Sustainable Fisheries, 2010), which leads the top of the species 20 W. Wang / Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 106 (2011) 18–26 rankings by its value. V. parahemolyticus was isolated from lethar- growth and physiological activity of heterotrophs. Under experi- gic and moribund blue crabs, C. sapidus, in commercial tanks dur- mental feeding conditions, Huq et al. (1986) observed the attach- ing ‘‘shedding” of soft crabs in Chesapeake Bay (Krantz et al., ment of V. cholerae only to the mucosal surface of the hindgut of 1969; Tubiash and Krantz, 1970). The