Study on Doping Prevention A map of Legal, Regulatory and Prevention Practice Provisions in EU 28 Report Published 12th December 2014 Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2014 978-92-79-43542-3 DOI: 10.2766/86776 © European Union, 2014 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed on process chlorine-free recycled paper (pcf) 2 Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................... 5 Résumé .......................................................................................................... 6 1. Executive Summary ................................................................................. 7 Résumé analytique ......................................................................................... 11 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................... 16 Disclaimer ..................................................................................................... 16 2. Introduction, aims, objectives and methodology of the Study ...................... 17 2.1. Aim of the Study ................................................................................ 17 2.2. Objectives of the Study ....................................................................... 18 2.3. Structure of the Consortium and invited experts ..................................... 18 2.4. Research Structure, Methodology and Programme ................................... 19 2.4.1. Survey design and data collection ................................................... 20 2.4.2. Data analysis ............................................................................... 21 2.4.3. Ethical considerations ................................................................... 21 2.4.4. High Level Expert Review Group ..................................................... 21 2.5. Limitations ........................................................................................ 22 2.6. Content and Structure of the Survey and Review .................................... 22 3. Ethical and philosophical framework for preventative policies regarding anti- doping in recreational sport ............................................................................. 24 3.1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 24 3.2. Doping, harm, criminality .................................................................... 24 3.3. Alternatives to criminalisation .............................................................. 25 3.4. Privacy ............................................................................................. 26 3.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................ 26 4. Legal Background .................................................................................. 28 4.1. European legal responses to doping in sport ........................................... 28 4.2. Beyond Europe: Harmonisation of legal instruments: World Anti-Doping Agency and the World Anti-Doping Code ......................................................... 29 4.3. Nature and Structure of National Anti-Doping Organisations (NADOs) ........ 29 4.4. Definitional problems .......................................................................... 30 5. Perspective of European National Anti-Doping Organisations (NADOs) ........... 32 5.1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 32 5.2. Changes to the 2015 World Anti-Doping Code ........................................ 32 5.3. Government Relations ......................................................................... 33 5.4. Education .......................................................................................... 34 6. Prevention Landscape Selective Literature Review ...................................... 35 7. Presentation of Findings ......................................................................... 43 7.1. Organisations sampled ........................................................................... 43 7.2. Collaborations and networks ................................................................... 43 7.3. Legislation and political arrangements ...................................................... 46 7.4. NADO sharing expertise ......................................................................... 50 7.5. Current practice .................................................................................... 50 7.6. Knowledge and Information .................................................................... 51 7.7. Prevention approach effectiveness ........................................................... 52 7.8. The role of commercial organisations in doping prevention .......................... 53 7.9. Availability and quality of information ....................................................... 55 7.10. Expert opinion: Importance of doping prevention ..................................... 56 7.11. Expert opinion: Trends in doping prevention ............................................ 57 7.12. Expert opinion: Key barriers .................................................................. 58 8. Conclusions .......................................................................................... 63 9. Policy Recommendations ........................................................................ 66 References .................................................................................................... 68 3 Annex 1: Member State Fact Sheets ................................................................. 74 Austria ....................................................................................................... 75 Belgium (Flemish Community) ....................................................................... 77 Belgium (French Community) ........................................................................ 79 Bulgaria ..................................................................................................... 81 Croatia ....................................................................................................... 83 Cyprus ....................................................................................................... 85 Czech Republic ............................................................................................ 87 Denmark .................................................................................................... 89 Estonia ....................................................................................................... 91 Finland ....................................................................................................... 93 France ....................................................................................................... 96 Germany .................................................................................................... 98 Greece ..................................................................................................... 101 Hungary ................................................................................................... 103 Ireland ..................................................................................................... 105 Italy ........................................................................................................ 107 Latvia ...................................................................................................... 110 Lithuania .................................................................................................. 112 Luxembourg ............................................................................................. 114 Malta ....................................................................................................... 116 The Netherlands ........................................................................................ 118 Portugal ................................................................................................... 122 Romania ................................................................................................... 124 Slovakia ................................................................................................... 127 Slovenia ................................................................................................... 128 Spain ....................................................................................................... 130 Sweden .................................................................................................... 132 United Kingdom ......................................................................................... 135 Annex 2: Survey Participants ......................................................................... 136 Annex 3: Survey Instrument .......................................................................... 138 Annex 4: MS coordinator identification of country-specific examples of good practice ................................................................................................................