ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HEBREW LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS Volume 3 P–Z General Editor Geoffrey Khan Associate Editors Shmuel Bolokzy Steven E. Fassberg Gary A. Rendsburg Aaron D. Rubin Ora R. Schwarzwald Tamar Zewi LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 © 2013 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-17642-3 Table of Contents Volume One Introduction ........................................................................................................................ vii List of Contributors ............................................................................................................ ix Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... xiii Articles A-F ......................................................................................................................... 1 Volume Two Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... vii Articles G-O ........................................................................................................................ 1 Volume Three Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... vii Articles P-Z ......................................................................................................................... 1 Volume Four Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... vii Index ................................................................................................................................... 1 © 2013 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-17642-3 ROTWELSCH, hebrew loanwords in 431 ——. 2003. “The fate of the consonantal root and Rotwelsch, Hebrew Loanwords in the binyan in optimality theory”. Recherches lin- guistiques de Vincennes 32:31–60. Bolozky, Shmuel. 2002. “The ‘roots’ of denomina- Rotwelsch (or Gaunersprache, i.e., German tive Hebrew verbs”. Language processing and for ‘language of swindlers’) is the term used acquisition in languages of Semitic, root-based for the argot employed by crooks, thieves, and morphology, ed. by Joseph Shimron, 131–146. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. vagabonds in the German-speaking portions of del Olmo Lete, Gregorio. 2008. Questions of central Europe, with its home in southwestern Semitic linguistics: Root and lexeme, the history Germany especially. The latter portion of the of research. Trans. by Wilfred G. E. Watson. term, Welsch, suggests any foreign and unintel- Bethesda, Maryland: CDL. Faust, Noam and Ya’ar Hever. 2010. “Empirical and ligible speech (as a comparison, note Yiddish theoretical arguments in favor of the discontinu- Wellisch ‘Italian’); while the former portion of ous root in Semitic languages”. Brill’s Annual of the term, Rot derives either from Rotwelsch Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 2:80–118. Rot ‘beggar’ (perhaps ultimately from German Goldenberg, Gideon. 1994. “Principles of Semitic word-structure”. Semitic and Cushitic studies, ed. rot ‘red’ > ‘false, faithless’), German Rotte by Gideon Goldenberg and Shlomo Raz, 29–64. ‘gang, band’, or Middle Dutch rot ‘foul, dirty’ Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (= idem. 1998. Studies (see further Girtler 2010:21–22). This socio- in Semitic linguistics. Jerusalem: Magnes, 10–45). ——. 2005. “Semitic triradicalism and the biradical lect originated in the Middle Ages (the term question”. Semitic studies in honor of Edward Rotwalsch [sic] is first attested about 1250), Ullendorff, ed. by Geoffrey Khan, 7–25. Leiden: though the most abundant sources for the cant Brill. derive from lexicons and word lists from the Goldenberg, Gideon and Ariel Shisha-Halevy. 2009. Egyptian, Semitic and general grammar: Studies in early modern period through the 19th cen- memory of H. J. Polotsky. Jerusalem: The Israel tury. Among the most important sources is the Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Rotwelsch vocabulary that appears in Liber Greenberg, Joseph Harold. 1950. “The patterning of Vagatorum (1510), a work which also provides root morphemes in Semitic”. Word 6:162–181. Izre’el, Shlomo. 2009. “Constructive constructions: key insights into the lifestyle and customs of the Semitic verbal morphology and beyond”. Golden- vagabonds, including their tricks and strategies berg and Shisha-Halevy 2009, 106–130. (cf. Jütte 1988:106). Moscati, Sabatino. 1964. An introduction to the While the base of Rotwelsch is German(ic), comparative grammar of the Semitic languages: Phonology and morphology. Wiesbaden: Harras- its lexis includes an exceedingly high percent- sowitz. age of Hebraisms, derived either from Hebrew Schwarzwald (Rodrigue), Ora. 2000. “Verbal roots directly (with typical Ashkenazi pronunciation) and their links to nouns (in Hebrew)”. Raphael or via the intermediary of (Western) Yiddish. Nir jubilee book: Studies in communication, lin- guistics and language teaching, ed. by Ora (Rodri- According to one estimate, fully twenty-two gue) Schwarzwald, Shoshana Blum-Kulka, and percent of the Rotwelsch lexis revealed in the Elite Olshtain, 426–438. Jerusalem: Carmel. aforementioned Liber Vagatorum derives from ——. 2002a. Studies in Hebrew morphology I: Unit 2, basic concepts (in Hebrew). Tel-Aviv: The Open Hebrew (Jütte 1987:136). The presence of so University of Israel. many Hebraisms reflects the fact that Jews were ——. 2002b. Studies in Hebrew morphology III: involved in the relevant livelihoods. Officially Unit 9, roots and patterns a (in Hebrew). Tel-Aviv: excluded from the guilds and civic enterprises The Open University of Israel. ——. 2009. “Three related analyses in Modern during the Middle Ages and beyond, Jews Hebrew morphology”. Goldenberg and Shisha- resorted to such occupations as hucksters, itin- Halevy 2009, 277–301. erant merchants, conveyers of movable goods, Ussishkin, Adam. 1999. “The inadequacy of the con- and the like (and were often joined in these sonantal root: Modern Hebrew denominal verbs and output-output correspondence”. Phonology endeavors by the ‘gypsies’, whose Sinti-Romani 16:401–442. dialect thus also contributes heavily to the Zaborski, Andrzej. 1991. “Biconsonantal roots and Rotwelsch lexicon). As typically happens, such triconsonantal root variation in Semitic: Solutions business ventures frequently entailed less-than- and prospects”. Semitic studies in honor of Wolf Leslau on the occasion of his eighty-fifth birthday, honest, if not illegal and fraudulent, deals that November 14th, 1999, ed. by Alan S. Kaye, vol. 2, required a secret language or coded argot. In 1675–1703. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. such fashion, one can understand how numer- ous Hebraisms entered Rotwelsch, even when Tamar Zewi spoken by non-Jews who partnered with Jews (University of Haifa) in these deceitful and criminal activities. © 2013 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-17642-3 432 ROTWELSCH, hebrew loanwords in ’ganna∫); Jerid ‘fair, market, exhibition ַגּ ָנּב .Rotwelsch was used into the 20th century (cf keseƒ); Kies ֶכּ ֶסף .yerid); Kesef ‘silver’ (cf ְיִריד .and still survives to some extent as an ele- (cf ’kis ‘pocket’); Kippe ‘box, coffer ִכּיס .ment of folklore in the villages of Schopfloch ‘money’ (cf ,quppa); Macker ‘acquaintance, partner ֻק ָפּה .and Schillingsfürst (both situated in the Fran- (cf ;(’makkir ‘acquaintance ַמ ִכּיר .conian part of Bavaria). The language may fellow swindler’ (cf ma™ane); Malbusch ַמ ֲח ֶנה .also be heard as an entertainment component Machne ‘camp’ (cf ’malbuš); Mammon ‘wealth ַמ ְלבּוּשׁ .from showmen at popular fairs. In addition, ‘clothing’ (cf ma≠al ַמ ַﬠל .mamon); maul ‘cheater’ (cf ָממוֹן .occasional words entered various local dialects (cf ִמוֹביל .Siewert 2003:45–61; ¤ Germanic Languages, ‘betrayal’); mebeln ‘to bring, buy’ (cf) Hebrew Loanwords in). mo∫il ‘carrier, conveyer’); meloche ‘work’ (cf. .melaúa); meramme sein ‘to betray’ (cf ְמ ָל ָאכה As intimated above, the number of Hebrew r-m-y ‘to deceive, betray’ + German sein רמ"י elements in the Rotwelsch vocabulary is truly merka∫a ֶמְר ָכּ ָבה .staggering. What follows is merely a sampling. ‘to be’); Merkof ‘wagon’ (cf ְמ ִצ ָיאה .In the examples listed, if the Rotwelsch term ‘chariot’); Mezie ‘find, good buy’ (cf connotes the same as its Hebrew derivation, meßi±a ‘find’); schachern ‘to conduct business’ .(s-™-r סח"ר .then the gloss for the latter is not presented. (cf Only in cases where the semantic connection is But even the basic vocabulary of ordinary less obvious, or if the part of speech is differ- items includes words of Hebrew origin (some ent (e.g., Rotwelsch verb derived from Hebrew of these, of course, may relate to the business ;(bayiμ ַבּ ִית .adjective), is a gloss included for the Hebrew ventures as well): Bais ‘house’ (cf ַי ַﬠר .egel); Jaar ‘forest’ (cf≠ ֵﬠ ֶגל .source as well. In all instances, the spelling of Egel ‘calf ’ (cf ’yayin); Kelef ‘dog ַי ִין .the Rotwelsch lexemes is taken from the head ya≠ar); Jajin ‘wine’ (cf ken); Lechem ֵכּן .kele∫); ken ‘yes’ (cf ֶכּ ֶלב .words listed in Wolf’s (1956) standard diction- (cf ’le™em); Mockum ‘city, place ֶל ֶחם .ary (though spelling is highly variable, natu- ‘bread’ (cf ָנוֹצה .maqom ‘place’); Nuze ‘feather’ (cf ָמקוֹם .rally). The transcription of the Hebrew terms (cf par≠oš); Peger ַפְּרעֹשׁ .is a simplified version of the Masoretic real- noßa); Parosch ‘flea’ (cf ;(par ַפּר .peger); Por ‘ox, steer’ (cf ֶפּ ֶגר .ization; the Ashkenazi pronunciation, which ‘corpse’ (cf y-m ‘to put, give’); Sackin-» שׂי"ם