No. 1 BI Norwegian Business School - campus Oslo GRA 19703 Master Thesis Thesis Master of Science Investigating key drivers of institutional change in natural hazards fields: An empirical study of quick clay management in Norway ID number: 1023050, 1023092 Start: 15.01.2020 09.00 Finish: 01.09.2020 12.00 No. 1 GRA 19703 1023050 1023092 ID number: 1023050 ID number: 1023092 Investigating key drivers of institutional change in natural hazards fields: An empirical study of quick clay management in Norway Hand-in date: 22.07.2020 Campus: BI Oslo Study program: MSc in Business - Major in Strategy Supervisor: Lena Elisabeth Bygballe No. 1 GRA 19703 1023050 1023092 Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................. I LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ............................................................................................ III ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ IV ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... V 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................... 3 2.1 INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE ......................................................................................................... 4 2.2 INSTITUTIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP ....................................................................................... 5 2.3 INTERORGANIZATIONAL COLLABORATION .............................................................................. 8 2.4 KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND LEARNING ................................................................................. 11 2.5 SUMMARY OF KEY DRIVERS OF INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE ....................................................... 14 3 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 16 3.1 RESEARCH STRATEGY ........................................................................................................... 16 3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN ................................................................................................................ 17 3.2.1 Selecting a case study ................................................................................................... 17 3.2.2 Case boundaries ........................................................................................................... 17 3.3 RESEARCH SETTING .............................................................................................................. 18 3.4 DATA COLLECTION ................................................................................................................ 18 3.4.1 Documents .................................................................................................................... 19 3.4.2 Interviews ..................................................................................................................... 20 3.5 DATA ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................... 21 3.6 RESEARCH QUALITY .............................................................................................................. 23 3.6.1 Trustworthiness ............................................................................................................ 23 3.6.2 Authenticity ................................................................................................................... 24 3.6.3 Reflexivity ..................................................................................................................... 25 3.7 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................... 25 4 FINDINGS .................................................................................................................................. 26 4.1 BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................... 26 4.2 INCIDENTS AND EXTERNAL PRESSURES ................................................................................. 28 4.3 ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INTERORGANIZATIONAL COLLABORATION .................................... 31 4.4 KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND LEARNING ................................................................................. 36 4.4.1 Development of mapping .............................................................................................. 36 4.4.2 Development of methodology and technology .............................................................. 39 4.4.3 Creation of guidelines and regulations ........................................................................ 41 4.5 IMPLEMENTING FIELD-LEVEL CHANGE .................................................................................. 42 4.5.1 Mapping of quick clay zones ........................................................................................ 43 Page i No. 1 GRA 19703 1023050 1023092 4.5.2 Enforcement of guidelines and laws ............................................................................. 43 4.5.3 Establishing joint databases ......................................................................................... 46 4.5.4 Application of new tools and technology ...................................................................... 47 5 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................. 50 5.1 INCIDENTS AND PRESSURES AS DRIVERS FOR CHANGE ........................................................... 51 5.2 ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INTERORGANIZATIONAL COLLABORATION AS DRIVERS OF CHANGE .................................................................................................................................................... 54 5.2.1 Creation of collaborative initiatives ............................................................................. 54 5.2.2 Mapping and pooling resources and knowledge .......................................................... 58 5.3 KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND LEARNING AS DRIVERS FOR CHANGE ......................................... 61 5.4 KEY DRIVERS OF INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE IN NATURAL HAZARD FIELDS ............................... 65 6 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................... 69 6.1 KEY IMPLICATIONS ............................................................................................................... 69 6.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NATURAL HAZARD FIELDS ................................................................ 71 6.3 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH ................................................................................... 71 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................................... 73 8 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................ 95 LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 95 APPENDIX 1 – DESCRIPTION OF RELEVANT AGENCIES ................................................................. 96 APPENDIX 2 – DOCUMENTS ......................................................................................................... 99 APPENDIX 3 - INTERVIEW GUIDE WITH EXPERTS ....................................................................... 103 APPENDIX 4 – DEVELOPMENT IN SCANNED AREAS IN DIGITAL 3D-MODEL ................................ 107 APPENDIX 5 – NUMBER OF MAPPED QUICK CLAY ZONES ........................................................... 108 Page ii No. 1 GRA 19703 1023050 1023092 List of figures and tables Figure 1 - Drivers of institutional change .............................................................. 15 Figure 2 - Timeline of important events ................................................................ 28 Figure 3 - Key drivers of institutional change in the quick clay field ................... 50 Table 1 - Data table................................................................................................ 19 Table 2 - Excerpt of the coded analysis in Excel................................................... 23 Page iii No. 1 GRA 19703 1023050 1023092 Acknowledgement We would first like to thank everyone who have supported us and contributed in the writing of this thesis. Our supervisor, Lena Bygballe, have continuously throughout this process been enthusiastic to support us with relevant and valued guidance and advice. We would also like to thank Anne Kokkonen for guiding and helping us through this process. They both introduced us to the field of quick clay, and gave us insight to a natural hazard we were not very familiar with from the beginning. Both Lena and Anne contributed with numerous articles and interviewees, which we have greatly benefited from. Being able to dive into the quick clay field has provided us with new knowledge and awareness which we now understand the importance of. We would also like to direct