'Smart City' - Intelligent energy integration for London’s decentralised energy projects Prepared by: ............................................................. Checked by: ........................................................................ Owen Anderson – AECOM Mary Livingstone - AECOM Miles Attenborough – AECOM Mary Livingstone – AECOM Ben Smith – AECOM Hugh Maguire – Poyry Colin Bateman - Wipro Ewan Cameron - Wipro Edward Cottle – Wipro Sacha Meckler – Wipro Approved by: ............................................................. Miles Attenborough – AECOM Rev No Comments Checked by Approved Date by 1 Public report final version ML MA 05,10,2012 2 Public report revised final version ML MA 19,10,2012 3 Public report revised final version with new front cover image DC MA 14.02.2013 MidCity Place, 71 High Holborn, London, WC1V 6QSTelephone: 020 7645 2000 Website: http://www.aecom.com Job No 60242095 Date Created July 2012 This document has been prepared by AECOM Limited for the sole use of our client (the “Client”) and in accordance with generally accepted consultancy principles, the budget for fees and the terms of reference agreed between AECOM Limited and the Client. Any information provided by third parties and referred to herein has not been checked or verified by AECOM Limited, unless otherwise expressly stated in the document. No third party may rely upon this document without the prior and express written agreement of AECOM Limited. Table of Contents Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................................................................... i Glossary of Terms .......................................................................................................................................................................... x 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Project Overview.................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Project context ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Project aims and approach .................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Summary of London’s current networks ........................................................................................................................ 3 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 2.2 Heat ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Electricity ............................................................................................................................................................... 5 3 A high level ‘system’ architecture ................................................................................................................................... 8 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 3.2 High Level System Architecture ............................................................................................................................. 8 3.3 Heat network Smart System Architecture and Functional Specification .............................................................. 13 3.4 Building Level Control Architecture ...................................................................................................................... 16 3.5 Network Control Architecture Considerations ...................................................................................................... 21 3.6 Summary ............................................................................................................................................................. 23 4 Functional Specification Summary................................................................................................................................ 24 5 The contribution of heat in an intelligent energy network - a heat network architecture ......................................... 30 5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 30 5.2 Opportunities for heat networks to contribute to a Smart City ............................................................................. 30 5.3 Standard DH design for small and medium sized heat networks ......................................................................... 33 5.4 Thermal storage................................................................................................................................................... 33 5.5 What can heat offer the market? ......................................................................................................................... 37 5.6 Conclusions from the heat review ........................................................................................................................ 38 6 The contribution of ‘demand side management’ in an intelligent energy network ................................................... 41 6.1 Summary ............................................................................................................................................................. 41 6.2 Current state of play - Existing Demand Side Management approaches and contribution in the UK .................. 45 6.3 The opportunity - Potential contribution from Demand Side Management ........................................................... 49 6.4 The technologies – products ................................................................................................................................ 53 6.5 Challenges - Facilitating greater uptake of DSM?................................................................................................ 54 6.6 Smart Systems Architecture ................................................................................................................................ 56 6.7 Project level – Functional Specification ............................................................................................................... 56 7 The contribution of distributed generation in an intelligent energy network ............................................................ 57 7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 57 7.2 Opportunities for the Future Electricity Networks ................................................................................................. 57 7.3 Power Network Hardware .................................................................................................................................... 57 7.4 Distributed Generation ......................................................................................................................................... 57 7.5 Storage ................................................................................................................................................................ 58 7.6 Network Management & Control .......................................................................................................................... 60 7.7 Virtual Power Plants ............................................................................................................................................ 61 7.8 Last Mile Balancing .............................................................................................................................................. 62 7.9 Summary ............................................................................................................................................................. 62 8 The communications infrastructure .............................................................................................................................. 63 8.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 63 8.2 Current ICT Infrastructure .................................................................................................................................... 63 8.3 Smart Energy Distribution Grid ............................................................................................................................ 64 8.4 Smart ICT Infrastructure ...................................................................................................................................... 67 9 Summary and Next Steps ............................................................................................................................................... 69 Appendix A: Bibliography / Further Reading ............................................................................................................................