Published by Asia-Europe Foundation 31 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119595 Telephone : +65 68749700 Telefax : +6568721207 E-mail : [email protected] Homepage : http://www.asef.org Hanns Seidel Foundation Indonesia Menara Cakrawala (Skyline Building) 9th Floor Jl. M.H. Thamrin 9 Jakarta 10340, Indonesia Telephones : +62 (21) 3902369 (direct) +62 (21) 3141708 ext. 2910 & 2911 Telefax : +62 (21) 3902381 E-mail : [email protected] Homepage : http://www.hsfindo.org “Good Policing: Instruments, Models and Practices” ISBN : 978-981-08-8126-9 Copyright@ 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of the publisher. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Commission. The views expressed in this publication are strictly those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect those of the Asia-Europe Foundation, the Hanns Seidel Foundation or the European Commission Good Policing Instruments, Models and Practices Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF) Hanns Seidel Foundation Indonesia (HSF Indonesia) Prof. Dr. Monica den Boer Prof. Dr. Changwon Pyo With the assistance of Ms. Charlotte Scheltus LLM and Ms. Ratna Mathai-Luke Editors: Ms. Sol Iglesias Dr. Ulrich Klingshirn TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORS’ FOREWORD ......................................................................................................... iii AUTHORS’ FOREWORD ........................................................................................................ iv INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: INSTRUMENTS FOR GOOD POLICING .......................................................... 8 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 8 Legal Instruments ................................................................................................................ 8 The United Nations Framework ................................................................................ 9 The European Framework .......................................................................................... 12 The Asian Framework ................................................................................................ 14 The Non-Governmental Framework .......................................................................... 15 Conclusions to Chapter 1 ......................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 2: MODELS OF GOOD POLICING ....................................................................... 17 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 17 Democratic Policing ................................................................................................... 17 Human Rights Policing .............................................................................................. 18 Community Policing ................................................................................................... 20 Problem-oriented Policing ......................................................................................... 22 Neighbourhood Policing ............................................................................................ 23 Reassurance Policing ................................................................................................. 24 Citizen Focused Policing ............................................................................................ 24 Value-based Policing .................................................................................................. 25 Nodal Policing ............................................................................................................. 26 Conclusions to Chapter 2 ..................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 3: POLICE OVERSIGHT MECHANISMS .............................................................. 28 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 28 A Comparison of Oversight Mechanisms ......................................................................... 28 Examples of Internal Oversight Mechanisms ......................................................... 30 Examples of Independent Oversight Mechanisms ................................................. 30 Examples of Civil Oversight Mechanisms ............................................................... 32 Examples of National Judicial Oversight Mechanisms .......................................... 36 Police Oversight by International Bodies ................................................................ 38 Police Oversight by International Non-Governmental Organisations .................. 39 Specialised Police Oversight Mechanisms ............................................................. 41 Conclusions to Chapter 3 ..................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 4: IMPLEMENTATION OF GOOD POLICING ....................................................... 43 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 43 i Ethics in Relation to Key Police Powers ............................................................................ 43 Use of Force .................................................................................................................. 43 Arrest and Detention .................................................................................................. 44 Investigation of Crime ................................................................................................ 45 Intelligence Gathering ................................................................................................ 48 Technical Surveillance ................................................................................................ 48 Public Order Policing .................................................................................................. 50 Specific Realms of Policing ....................................................................................... 51 Post-conflict Policing ........................................................................................... 51 Policing Terrorism, Radicalisation and Organised Crime ................................ 52 Policing Ethnic and Religious Minorities ........................................................... 52 Policing in Co-operation with the Private Sector ............................................... 53 Conclusions to Chapter 4 ..................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 5: GOOD PRACTICES AND THE WAY FORWARD .............................................. 55 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 55 Key Indicators of Good Practices ........................................................................................ 55 Accountability and Transparency .............................................................................. 55 Responsiveness ........................................................................................................... 56 Access to Justice ......................................................................................................... 57 Leadership .................................................................................................................... 57 Strategic Framework ................................................................................................... 58 Management ................................................................................................................ 59 Training and Professional Development .................................................................. 61 Managing Diversity ...................................................................................................... 63 Organisational Culture ................................................................................................ 65 Conclusions to Chapter 5 ..................................................................................................... 66 EPILOGUE: HOW TO DEVELOP GOOD POLICE CONDUCT IN THE FUTURE ..................... 67 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 71 ANNEXES ................................................................................................................................ 76 Annex I : List of Abbreviations ............................................................................... 76 Annex II : List of Respondents and Biographies ................................................. 78 Annex III : About the Authors ................................................................................... 82 Annex IV : List of Reviewers ..................................................................................... 83 Annex V : List of Interview Questions (English Version) ...................................... 84 Annex VI : Police Oversight Mechanisms