Hydrogeodynamics of Oil and Gas Basins V.I. Djunin† · A.V. Korzun Hydrogeodynamics of Oil and Gas Basins 123 V.I. Djunin† Dr. A.V. Korzun Lomonosov Moscow State University Faculty of Geology Leninskie Gory Moskva Russia 119992 Translated by Ivan Basov The Russian language edition of the book Gidrogeodinamika neFtegazonosnyh bassenov was first published by Nauchnyi Mir, Moscow, in 2005. «Gidrogeodinamika neFtegazonosnyh bassenov» © V.I.Dnin, A.V.Korzun, 2005 © Nauqny mir, 2005 “Hydrogeodynamics of Oil and Gas Basins” Copyright © 2005, by Nauchnyi Mir and Djunin V.I., Korzun A.V. ISBN 978-90-481-2846-4 e-ISBN 978-90-481-2847-1 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-2847-1 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009937414 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover illustration: Cover Image(s) © 2009 JupiterImages Corporation Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Dedicated to late Boris Ivanovich Kudelin, who was a pioneer in the study of deep underground drainage at the Chair of Hydrogeology in the Geological Department of the Moscow State University. Preface Existing views on geodynamics (recharge, migration, discharge) of fluids at deep layers of petroliferous basins are summarized. The infiltration and elision theo- ries explaining development of fluid pressures in deep formations are called into question based on quantitative estimates available for some artesian (petroliferous) basins. Using the West Siberian, Pechora, Terek-Kuma, Bukhara–Karshi, and other petroliferous basins as examples, the stratum-block structure of deep formations is substantiated for stratified systems of platform in inter- and intramontane depres- sions. It is shown that petroliferous reservoirs at great depths are characterized, regardless of lithology, by largely fissure-related capacity and permeability (clayey rocks included) changeable in space and through geological time. Much attention is paid to development of abnormally high formation pressures. Peculiarities in heat and mass transfer at deep levels are considered for different regions. The energetic formation model substantiated for deep fluids explains different anomalies (baric, thermal, hydrogeochemical, mineralogical, and others) at deep levels of platforms. Based on hydrogeodynamic considerations, the theory of oil origin and formation of hydrocarbon fields is proposed. The book is of interest for oilmen, hydrogeolo- gists, geologists, and specialists dealing with prospecting of petroliferous deposits as well as industrial, mineral, and thermal waters in deep formations of stratified sedimentary basins. vii Contents 1 Existing Views on Fluidodynamics in Petroliferous Formations .. 1 References ................................ 11 2 Investigation Methods of Deep Fluidodynamics ........... 15 2.1 Methods of Formation Pressure Reducing ............ 16 2.2 Assessment of Directions of Density-Variable Fluid Flows by the “Filtration Force” Method ............. 25 2.3 The Direct Method of Assessing Density-Variable Deep FluidFlowDirections...................... 26 2.4 Modeling Methods in the Studies of Deep Fluid Flows . .... 27 2.5 Compilation Methods of Regional Potentiometric Maps forPetroliferousFormations................... 30 2.6 Methods of Compiling Hydrogeodynamic Maps ........ 33 2.7 Investigation Methods of Temperature and Concentration Fields . .................. 34 References ................................ 35 3 Role of Regional Infiltration Recharge Sources in the Formation of Deep Fluids and Petroliferous Basin Hydrodynamic Zoning ......................... 37 3.1 Role of Petroliferous Basin Periphery in Recharge ofDeepFluids.......................... 37 3.2 Hydrodynamic Zones in Petroliferous Basins . ........ 41 References ................................ 45 4 Elision Recharge and Paleomigration of Deep Fluids ........ 47 References ................................ 56 5 Genesis of Abnormally High Formation Pressures .......... 59 5.1 The Relaxation Period of Abnormally High FormationPressures....................... 61 5.2 Possibilities for Development of Fluidodynamic Horizontal Boundaries in Clayey Sequences . ........ 63 5.2.1 Variant1......................... 67 5.2.2 Variant2......................... 67 ix x Contents 5.2.3 Variant3......................... 69 5.2.4 Variant4......................... 69 5.2.5 Variant5......................... 69 5.2.6 Variant6......................... 69 5.2.7 Variant7......................... 70 5.3 Main Factors and Processes Responsible for Development of Abnormally High Formation Pressures . .... 72 5.3.1 ElisionProcesses.................... 72 5.3.2 DehydrationofClayMinerals............. 73 5.3.3 TectonicForces(ExternalFactor)............ 74 5.3.4 Additional Recharge .................. 81 5.3.5 Catagenetic Processes .................. 83 5.3.6 ChemicalProcesses................... 84 5.3.7 Temperature Changes .................. 84 References ................................ 87 6 Development of Filtration Properties in Deep Formations of Petroliferous Basins ......................... 89 6.1 Development of Reservoir Properties in Terrigenous Formations 90 6.1.1 Sedimentation Settings ................. 90 6.1.2 Catagenetic Rock Transformations . ........ 94 6.1.3 Compaction....................... 94 6.1.4 Dissolution....................... 97 6.1.5 Cementation....................... 99 6.1.6 Tectonics........................ 105 6.1.7 HydraulicFracturing.................. 106 6.2 Development of Reservoir Properties in Carbonate Rocks .... 108 6.2.1 Compaction....................... 109 6.3 FormationofClayeyReservoirs................. 112 6.3.1 GeostaticCompaction.................. 113 6.3.2 TemperatureandMineralization............ 113 6.3.3 Mineralogical Composition of Clayey Rocks . .... 115 6.4 Permeability of Saliferous Rocks ................. 126 6.5 Conclusions ............................ 127 References ................................ 128 7 Fluidodynamics in Deep Formations of the West Siberian Petroliferous Basin ........................... 131 7.1 GeologicalandTectonicStructure................ 131 7.1.1 Lower–Middle Jurassic Complex (J1−2) ........ 131 7.1.2 Upper Jurassic–Lower Valanginian Complex (J3–K1v)......................... 133 7.1.3 Lower Cretaceous–Cenomanian Complex (K1a–K2sm)....................... 133 7.1.4 Upper Cretaceous–Paleogene Complex (K2–P).... 134 Contents xi 7.1.5 Paleogene–Quaternary Complex (P–Q) . ........ 134 7.1.6 Tectonics........................ 134 7.2 Hydrogeological Conditions of the Basin ............ 137 7.2.1 Aptian–Cenomanian Aquifer (K1a–K2sm)....... 137 7.2.2 Neocomian Petroliferous Complex (K1v–b) . .... 138 7.2.3 Lower–Middle Jurassic Petroliferous Complex (J1−2) . 139 7.3 Some Peculiarities in Filtration Properties of Rocks . .... 141 7.4 Influence of Peripheral Areas of the Basin on Fluidodynamics in Petroliferous Formations . ........ 147 7.4.1 Characteristic of Areas Providing Recent Infiltration Recharge of Deep Fluids . ........ 147 7.4.2 Characteristic of Present-Day Deep Fluid Discharge Areas . .................. 150 7.4.3 Discharge Stimulated by Recovery of the Lower Hydrogeological Stage Due to Erosion . .... 152 7.4.4 Discharge Along Tectonic Fractures and Brecciation Zones . .................. 154 7.4.5 Discharge in the Form of Ascending Migration of Deep Fluids Through Low-Permeability Rocks . 154 7.5 Influence of the Elision Recharge on Formation PressuresatDeepLevels..................... 160 7.6 Fluidodynamics of Deep Formations in Central Areas oftheBasin............................ 165 7.6.1 SalymField....................... 166 7.6.2 WesternSurgutField.................. 170 7.6.3 KharasaveiField.................... 174 7.6.4 Ust-BalykField..................... 176 7.7 VerticalPaleomigrationofDeepFluids............. 180 7.8 Main Conclusions . ....................... 183 References ................................ 183 8 Fluidodynamics in Hydrocarbon-Bearing Formations of the Northern Pechora Petroliferous Basin ............. 187 8.1 GeologicalStructure....................... 187 8.1.1 Paleozoic Group (PZ) .................. 187 8.1.2 Cambrian System (--) C ................. 187 8.1.3 OrdovicianSystem(O)................. 189 8.1.4 SilurianSystem(S)................... 189 8.1.5 DevonianSystem(D).................. 189 8.1.6 Carboniferous System (C) . ............. 191 8.1.7 PermianSystem(P)................... 191 8.1.8 Mesozoic Group (MZ) ................. 192 8.1.9 TriassicSystem(T)................... 192 8.1.10JurassicSystem(J)................... 193 8.1.11 Cretaceous System (K) ................. 193 8.1.12 Cenozoic Group (KZ) .................. 193 xii Contents 8.2 Tectonics............................. 194 8.3 Hydrogeological Conditions . .................. 195 8.3.1 Upper Jurassic–Cretaceous Confining Sequence (J3-K)..................... 196 8.3.2 JurassicAquifer(J)................... 196 8.3.3 Upper Permian–Triassic Aquifer (P2-T)........ 197 8.3.4 Lower Permian (Kungurian) Confining Sequence (P2kg) . .................. 197 8.3.5 Upper Visean–Artinskian Aquifer (C1v3–P1ar).... 197 8.3.6 Visean