2013-06-12 A study on the sustainability and the aftermaths of the HESAWA project in Tanzania Sara Andersson School of Social Sciences Peace and Development Studies 2FU31E - 1003 Bachelor Thesis Tutor: Jonas Ewald Sara Andersson Peace and Development Studies 2013-06-12 Bachelor Thesis Linnaeus University Abstract: The Health through Sanitation and Water project (HESAWA) was first initiated in 1983/84, and was implemented from 1985 to 2002. The project covered three regions in northwestern Tanzania and strived towards improving the health situation in the area through improvements in the water and sanitation sector, as well as by providing health education to the local people. The aim of this research study is to investigate if the HESAWA project and its implemented structures have been sustainable for the local population in the affected villages in the Geita region in Tanzania. The Sida evaluation manual, Looking Back, Moving Forward, has been used as an analytical frame of interpretation to determine if these goals have been fulfilled. The research was carried out as a fieldstudy in two villages in the Geita and Mwanza region, just south of Lake Victoria. In total 42 interviews were conducted among families, Water Committees, focus groups of men and women, dispensaries, health clinics, schools, NGOs, and former HESAWA workers. The questions were centered on water, sanitation, and health issues. The most common diseases included diarrhea, bilharzia, worms, and malaria. Even though these diseases have decreased in the area, they are still present to a large extent. The conclusion drawn from this study is that the HESAWA project did make a difference in the Geita region. The health standard at large in the villages has increased today compared to during the beginning of the HESAWA project. However, the sustainability of the project was not as good as expected. This is mainly due to an increased population, creating a shortage in water supplies, lack of sanitary conditions including poorly constructed latrines, as well as lack of awareness among the local population in regard to health issues. Financial capital was further a main obstacle towards further development and improvement within the health sector in the villages, wherefore future work within this field is of great necessity. Keywords: HESAWA, water, sanitation, health, sustainability, Tanzania. 2 Sara Andersson Peace and Development Studies 2013-06-12 Bachelor Thesis Linnaeus University Acknowledgements: First of all I would like to thank Mr. Nsubisi Tummomolele, former HESAWA District Water Technician, who was responsible for the construction of the wells during the HESAWA implementation. Mr. Tummomolele has accompanied me during my whole fieldtrip in Busolwa, Katoro and Geita Town, and has been helpful in explaining the construction of the wells and additional technical issues. I would also like to dedicate a special thanks to Ms. Hadija Malimusi, who acted as a translator during the whole fieldtrip. I could not have made it without her. Mr. Elita Jomo, Chairman in the Busolwa village, also deserves special thanks for accompanying me during the fieldtrip in Busolwa village. The other chairmen and village officials in both Busolwa and Katoro have further helped me in introducing me and my study in the villages and thereby made this study possible. Further I would like to thank Ms. Rahel Anthony, District Water Engineer in Geita, and Mr. Rocki Maila, former HESAWA District Promotion Team Leader in Geita, for their help with finding information on the HESAWA project in Geita. I am further very grateful towards the employees at Mauwasa in Mwanza for providing me with further information on HESAWA and for directing me to Ms. Anthony's office in Geita. Mr. Daniel Mkare, former HESAWA operator, has further been of great help when it comes to information on the project as well as translation of relevant documents from Swahili to English. Additionally I would like to thank Dr. Robert Mhamba, Professor at the University of Dar es Salaam, for being my contact person during my time in Tanzania, for helping me with accommodation and with finding a translator. I further want to give special thanks to my tutor Jonas Ewald at the Linnaeus University, for his guidance during the whole research process. Finally I would like to thank Sida for granting me this MFS and thereby making this research study possible. 3 Sara Andersson Peace and Development Studies 2013-06-12 Bachelor Thesis Linnaeus University Table of Contents: Abstract: ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements: ................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Contents: ...................................................................................................................... 4 List of Interviews: ...................................................................................................................... 6 List of Abbreviations: ............................................................................................................... 10 1. Introduction: ......................................................................................................................... 12 1.1 Research problem and relevance: ................................................................................... 13 1.2 Objective: ....................................................................................................................... 15 1.3 Research Questions: ....................................................................................................... 15 1.4 Methodological Design: ................................................................................................. 15 1.5 Analytical Framework: ................................................................................................... 16 1.6 Disposition: .................................................................................................................... 17 1.7. Limitations and delimitations: ....................................................................................... 17 1.8 Ethical Considerations: .................................................................................................. 18 1.9. Notes to the reader: ....................................................................................................... 18 2. Methodological Framework: ................................................................................................ 19 2.1 Qualitative Study: ........................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Abductive Inference: ...................................................................................................... 20 2.3 Ethnographic Approach: ................................................................................................ 20 2.4 Conducting the Research: ............................................................................................... 21 2.4.1 Choice of Regions and Villages: ............................................................................. 23 2.5 Criticism of References: ................................................................................................. 23 3. Analytical Framework: ......................................................................................................... 26 3.1 Effectiveness: ................................................................................................................. 26 3.2 Impact: ............................................................................................................................ 26 4 Sara Andersson Peace and Development Studies 2013-06-12 Bachelor Thesis Linnaeus University 3.3 Relevance: ...................................................................................................................... 27 3.4 Sustainability: ................................................................................................................. 27 3.5 Efficiency: ...................................................................................................................... 27 4. Background: ......................................................................................................................... 29 4.1 Tanzania: ........................................................................................................................ 29 4.1.1 Geita and Mwanza region: ...................................................................................... 31 4.2 Water: ............................................................................................................................. 32 4.3 Sanitation: ....................................................................................................................... 33 4.4 HESAWA: ...................................................................................................................... 35 4.4.1 Technological Terms: .............................................................................................. 36 4.4.2 HESAWA in Geita: ................................................................................................. 37 4.5 Development Policies: .................................................................................................... 38 5. Presentation of Research