Commemoration of the Mass Deportations from the Baltic States Address by Dr. Gunārs Nāgels Latvian Centre, Sydney, Australia – 12 June 2011 Honoured guests, consuls, ladies and gentlemen. Today I will be telling you a story about a piece of soap and the washing away of crimes. We all know why we are here today, so I do not need to try and impress you with a range of terrible statistics, but they will come anyway. However numbers are just numbers, and they often take our thoughts away from the individuals that these numbers represent. But even the numbers do not tell us the full story. We have all been affected in some way, even if we have not ourselves had the pleasure of a free trip to Siberia. And the affect on our nations, even today, is immense. The 14th of June, 1941, was in many ways a day much the same as any other in the previous 11 months. My mother was working as a dietician at the Second City Hospital, and living not too far away. As she was walking to work, she was surprised to see a large number of trucks transporting people somewhere. And the people being transported were waving to her. She didn’t know what to make of this. While at work, she received a phone call from her foster sister, informing her that her foster brother, Jānis Raiska, had been arrested together with his wife, Elga, and sent to Siberia. Fortunately, their two children were spending the summer in the country, and so were not arrested. As my mother had been a member of the nationalist Aizsardzes organisation, and my father was a member of a student fraternity, she was convinced that they would be included in the next round of arrests. What does a Latvian woman with an almost 2 month old child do under these circumstances? What what you do? Simple. She prepares for the journey, by packing a suitcase. Of course, we all now know that my sister would not have survived the trip, just as many infants did not survive the journey that began on the 14th of June. And I would not be here today to tell you about it. Fortunately, the German army came and forestalled any further Soviet deportations until the return of the Red army towards the end of the war. But she also did something else. She went out and bought a bar of soap. And this is it. (See photo). This is the bar of soap that my mother bought in preparation for being sent to a slave labour camp or extermination camp in Siberia. The best quality blue soap for washing clothes. I can just make out the manufacturer’s name: A. Brieger, Riga. My mother’s foster brother died in Siberia soon after arriving there, but his children survived. And my mother survived, bringing this bar of Siberian soap all the way to Australia. It is a reminder that fate is convoluted and unpredictable. It is also an example of the attitude of resignation that the Baltic people have shown too often, only rarely interspersed with short periods of decisive action in aid of the survival of our peoples and of our countries. Another example is my wife’s grandfather, Pēteris Ūdris. As a well loved police chief of a small town, he was warned in advance to make himself scarce for a few days in June. However, he replied that he had nothing to fear, as he had done no wrong. At least he sent his family to safety away from Sydney 12 June 2011 Page 1 of 10 Address by Dr. Gunārs Nāgels the town, but he himself was arrested and sent to Siberia, where he died in the Vyatka slave labour camp less than a year later. And my wife’s mother and uncle grew up without their father. These stories may be repeated with actual names not tenfold, not a hundred-fold, not a thousand- fold, but at least tenthousand-fold times. Each of these names accuses the perpetrators of this evil. And each name equally accuses all who condoned this evil, and who still today deny that this was evil. * * * Let us not forget that this happened in a time of peace for the Soviet Union – before the start of the so-called Great Patriotic War – the Russian term for that part of the Second World War that started with the German attack on the Soviet forces in Soviet occupied Poland and Soviet occupied Finland, and ending one day after Victory in Europe Day. The three Baltic countries were formally allies of the Soviet Union, allowing the establishment of sizeable Soviet military bases in their territories in 1939. The bases in Estonia were even used for the bombing of Helsinki in the Winter War of 1939/1940. The three Baltic countries had differing responses to the Soviet demand to be allowed military bases, but all three acquiesced, thus sealing their fate, as this made their territories almost indefensible. This quiet acquiescence is all the more surprising and worrying, as all three governments would have known of the events of the previous few years in the Soviet Union. Here I shall make the first departure from my statement about statistics, because this is one that is not so well known. Of the approximately 150,000 Latvians living in the Soviet Union, almost half disappeared as the result of the so called Latvian Operation of 1937/1938. This was genocide, pure and simple. Imagine the Olympic Stadium (or ANZ Stadium) with its capacity of 83,500, the Sydney Football Stadium (or Aussie Stadium) with its capacity of 45,500, and the Paramatta Stadium with its capacity of 20,000. Imagine them all three filled to capacity – that was more or less the total number of Latvians living in the Soviet Union in 1937. Now image all the people in the Sydney Football Stadium killed and all the people in the Paramatta Stadium killed, and for good measure, a couple of thousand people in the Olympic Stadium as well. That is what happened in 1937/1938. And knowing this, the three Baltic countries demonstrated their usual attitude of resignation by agreeing to the stationing of Soviet troops in their territory in 1939. And continued this resignation by surrendering their countries in 1940. The events of June 14, 1941 are just a logical continuation of the foregoing. * * * Baltic statehood lay dormant for 50 years, but armed resistance continued for a very long time in the occupied territories. This is not the time for a detailed discussion of the resistance movement, but I can mention that large parts of it were sabotaged by the British double agent Kim Philby, who passed information on the Baltic resistance to his Soviet contacts. A lot of people died because of his actions. In the West, actions were mostly in terms of words. But on the odd occasion, some form of direct action was implemented, but in a comparatively mild way. We can guess that the date of the following news item is significant. I will read from page 3 of the Sydney Morning Herald of Tuesday, 13th June, 1950 – 61 years ago tomorrow. It is a small article at the bottom of the page: "Communist H.Q. Windows Are Smashed Police arrested three Latvian migrants after two plate glass windows had been kicked in at the Australian Communist Party Headquarters, William Street, King’s Cross, early this morning. Sydney 12 June 2011 Page 2 of 10 Address by Dr. Gunārs Nāgels Sergeant J. Browne, and Constables S. McInernie, D. Leach. and A. Mason, were patrolling the area when they heard the sound of breaking glass. The men were taken to Darlinghurst Police Station and charged with causing malicious damage to property. Police said that it was the second time within a few days that windows in the building had been smashed." The perpetrators are not named in the newspaper article. If any of them are present today, or if anybody can disclose who they were, I would be interested in hearing from them. This incident also raises some questions – how could they be so unlucky, as to be caught in the act, why was there such a large patrol (4 policemen), and who smashed the window a few days earlier? In any case, this is more an example of impotent lashing out, than of any serious rage. The Latvian resignation continued during the even larger deportations of 1949. Again, during a time of peace, allegedly. * * * History is full of such things. Wars are not unusual, and genocide, or attempts at genocide are not unusual. One country, or one nation feels entitled to liquidate another nation. This can come as the culmination of a long build-up, with the ground being prepared by manipulation of public opinion. Or it can be a sudden turn-around, where once friendly neighbours suddenly turn on each other, usually inspired by outside forces. And once it starts, it is very difficult to stop. Genocide is a crime against humanity. Murder is a crime. How do we weigh the relative moral culpability? And who do we believe when a prevalent version of history is called into question? Let us be clear in one thing. The Soviet Union perpetrated a crime of enormous magnitude against the people of the Baltic republics. Do we call it genocide, do we call it mass murder? Rephrasing Shakespeare: "Genocide by any other name is just as evil". Recently, a letter purporting to be the original of Hitler’s anti-Semitic diatribes of 1919 has surfaced.