Dimensions of the New Diaspora: African Immigrant Communities & Organizations in New York, Washington, D.C., and Atlanta Prepared for Nunu Kidane, Priority Africa Network Prepared March 2012; Revised July 2013 Amaha Kassa, J.D., M.P.P. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction………………………………………………………………….……...…………1 II. Summary of Key Findings……...……………………………………………………………..5 III. A Profile of African Immigrants in the United States…………………….……….………...12 IV. Profiles of Organizations………………………………………………………….…………34 V. Issues Affecting African Immigrants……………………………..………………………….54 VI. Civic Engagement and Political Influence…………...……..…………………..……………71 VII. Challenges of Serving African Immigrants...……………………………………………97 VIII. Conclusion: Assets and Opportunities………………………………………..………...119 INDEX OF TABLES Table 1: African Immigrants in the United States……………………………………..………...16 Table 2: African Immigrants by Metropolitan Statistical Area(MSA)………………...………...18 Table 3: Racial Composition of Largest African-Born Groups…………………..……………...23 Table 4: Educational Attainment, African Immigrants 25 or Older, In Comparison………..…..25 Table 5: Poverty among Largest African-Born Groups……………………………...…………..32 Table 6: Types of Organizations and Characteristics……………………………………..……..37 Table 7: Organizations Interviewed…………………………………………………………..….40 Table 8: Strengths and Challenges of the Four Organizational Models…………………………99 I. Introduction a. Overview and Purpose This report assesses the needs and challenges of African immigrants 1 living in the New York City, Washington, D.C., and Atlanta metropolitan areas, and the efforts of organizations in these regions to serve them. This research was conducted on behalf of Priority Africa Network (PAN), a national organization whose mission is to “inform, educate and mobilize people in support of the peoples of Africa for sustained peace; economic, political, and social justice; and democratic development.” 2 As a network committed to mobilizing US solidarity with progressive reform on the African continent, recent African immigrants to the United States are an important constituency for PAN. 3 As King and Pomper have argued, “Presumably, most diaspora communities in the United States, if properly organized and funded, can exert substantial influence on U.S. foreign policy [related to their countries and regions of origin] when the issues at hand do not overtly contradict other U.S. national interests.” 4 1 By “African immigrants,” I refer to people residing in the United States who were born in sub- Saharan Africa. Even though the term “immigrant” has a specific legal meaning, throughout this report I use the blanket term “African immigrants” to refer to the entire population of African- born migrants to the United States, including resettled refugees, asylees, temporary visa holders (termed “nonimmigrants” in US immigration law), undocumented immigrants, lawful permanent residents, and naturalized citizens. At times, e.g., when discussing social issues affecting African immigrants, I also use the term to include the children of African immigrants who may be native- born Americans (“second-generation immigrants”). However, when analyzing demographic data, I use the term only to refer to the African-born. 2 Priority Africa Network website, http://www.priorityafrica.org/, last visited July 10, 2013. 3 PAN website, African Immigrants, http://www.priorityafrica.org/African_Immigrants.html, last visited July 9, 2013. 4 David C. King & Miles Pomper, Congress, Constituencies, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Caspian , in THE LIMITS OF CULTURE : ISLAM , FOREIGN POLICY & THE CASPIAN 167, 171 (Brenda Shaffer ed., 2005). 1 This report seeks to inform and support PAN’s advocacy efforts by investigating African immigrant communities and the organizations that serve them, with particular attention to questions of civic engagement and political influence. I hope that it will also be of use to other organizations serving and engaging the African immigrant diaspora in the US, including the organizations herein profiled. b. Methods This report addresses the following policy questions: 1. What do organizations working with African immigrants see as the greatest issues, challenges, and unmet needs within African immigrant communities? What do they see as the greatest assets and opportunities? 2. To what extent are African immigrants civically and politically engaged? What barriers do they face to increased civic and political participation? 3. What is the capacity of organizations currently serving African immigrants? What are the strengths and the challenges of different organizational models in meeting the needs of this constituency? In February 2012, I conducted in-person and telephone interviews with 13 officers, employees, and former employees of ten organizations that work with African immigrants in the New York, Washington, D.C., and Atlanta metropolitan regions. I selected these three metro regions because, as Table 2 shows, they have the largest numbers of residents who were born in sub-Saharan Africa. As Table 7 shows, I sought to interview representatives from a range of different types of organizations.5 5For further discussion of the types of organizations selected and interviewed, see infra , IV.a.-b. 2 This report presents respondents’ views on the questions above, along with my own analysis and observations, drawing on social science research and journalism about African immigrants in the US to provide further context. c. Overview of Report In Part II, I briefly summarize the report’s findings. Part III is a demographic profile of the African immigrant diaspora, using data from the American Community Survey. Part IV profiles the organizations I researched for this report, describing their history, the services they offer, and the clients and constituencies they serve. In Part V, I consider the issues and challenges that affect African immigrant communities, drawing together observations and cross- cutting themes from respondents. In Part VI, I examine the civic engagement and political influence of African immigrants and the organizations that serve them. Part VII considers the challenges of organizations serving African immigrants, and the advantages and disadvantages of various organizational models. I conclude the report by describing key opportunities for, and assets of, the new African immigrant diaspora. Of course, a report like this cannot scientifically measure social problems among African immigrants in the US or provide a comprehensive needs assessment. However, I hope that presenting the observations and professional judgment of organizations that are on the front line of serving African immigrants alongside existing scholarly research will prove useful to practitioners, funders, and policy makers concerned with the well-being of this community. I conducted some of the research that this report draws on in 2011, while I was a visiting graduate student at the Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California, 3 San Diego. I thank CCIS Director John Skrentny and CCIS Associate Director David FitzGerald for their generous hospitality and support of my research. Finally, I was deeply impressed and moved by respondents’ commitment to African immigrants, their thoughtfulness about issues in the community, and the quality of the services they provide, often with inadequate resources. I thank them for their generosity in sharing their insights with me. Any misstatements are my responsibility, and not that of respondents. 4 II. Summary of Key Findings A Profile of African Immigrants in the United States • Immigration to the US from Africa has grown rapidly in recent years. In 2010, an estimated 1.5 million US residents were born in Africa, 40 times as many as in 1960 and four times as many as in 1980. 1.26 million Americans were born in sub-Saharan Africa. Changes in US immigration law along with economic and social change on the African continent have driven the rapid growth of the African immigrant diaspora. • Among African countries, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, South Africa, Somalia, Liberia, and Sudan sent the most immigrants to the US, though many African immigrants did not specify their country of origin. • Most African immigrants to the US live in or around cities. The New York, Washington, D.C., and Atlanta metro areas house the largest populations of African immigrants in the US. • African immigrant educational attainment is exceptionally high. Nearly 65% of African immigrants have one or more years of college education, more than any other ethnic group except Asian Americans. However, African immigrant educational attainment is unevenly distributed. Some African ethnonationalities with unusually high educational attainment, such as South Africans and Kenyans, include larger numbers of white and Asian immigrants. Somali immigrants, many of whom are refugees, have below-average educational attainment. Furthermore, educational attainment among African immigrants 5 has decreased over recent decades, and will likely decline further due to demographic changes. • African immigrants, though more educated than the average American, are also poorer than average. 20% of African immigrants live below the poverty line, and 41% live below 200% of poverty. This proportion is significantly higher than whites, Asian Americans, and Americans on average; though it is lower than average for African Americans or Hispanics. Ghanaians and Nigerians have slightly lower than average poverty rates, while immigrants