84 CHAPTER VI RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AMD SURVEY FINDINGS (I) COLLECTION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DATA For the purpose of analysis the research methodo­ logy consists of collection of secondary data from jour­ nals, text books on marketing, the annual reports of the institutions concerned at the village, taluka, district and state level like (1) Satpati Machchimar Vividha Karyakari Sahakari Sanstha Maryadit, Satpati. (2) The Satpati Fishermen’ s Sarvodaya Sahakari Society limited, Satpati. (5) Thane Zilla Machchimar Madhyavarti Sahakari Sangha Maryadit, Palghar. (4) Maharashtra Rajya Machchimar Sahakari Sangha Limited, Mumbai. (5) The Thane Zilla Madhyavarti Sahakari Bank Limited, Thane, 85 (6) *'A comparative study of the business perfor­ mance of selected fishermen co-operatives in Thane district'* - By Shree.Dilip V. Nakhawa; Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Bombay. (7) Literature published by Mumbai Sahakari Board limited, (8) Research Thesis prepared by Dr.Sudha Mokashi on : TT^Tcfire tTTnft \^T=nT 5 (5T^i ^ ee^»rfe) - Rinf^ - gr.f=T.f^.9fg=fr. (9) The literature published by Indian Institute of Foreign Trade on '’Survey of India's Export Potential of Marine Products". Apart from the various publications by the govern­ ment and non-government agencies secondary data was obtained from various articles by the experts, which appeared in research news papers like The Economic Times, Financial Express and other local news papers. 86 (II) COLLECTION OF PRIMRY DATA For the purpose of collecting primary data three methods were followed i- (a) On the spot Surveys 5 On the spot visits for the survey of fishing production, financing and marketing centres like Satpati, Thane Zilla Machchimar Madhyavarti Sahakari Sangha Maryadit, Maharashtra Rajya Machchimar Sahakari Sangha Limited Miimhai, Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Market, Palton Road, Bombay - 1, Kasara Port, Sassoon Dock etc.; (b) Questionnaire and Interviews ; Questionnaire containing 46 questions which covered the following points of information on the history of fishermen's production and marketing methods and their problems in the areas of production, finance and marketing. The questions covered the following topics (i) Nature of fishermen's family tradition in business (ii) Number of years of business. 87 (iii) Educational levels of the mem'bers of the family. (iv) Property of fiehermen family like house, boat, engine, transport equip­ ment, nets etc. (v) The nature of manpower available for family business. (vi) The nature of business turnover and the time and quantum of fishing. (vii) The nature of facilities like cold storage, vehicles available to fishing families. (viii) Cost benefit analysis of fish produc­ tion. (ix) Method of marketing. (x) Method of obtaining finance for meet­ ing fixed capital expenditure and working capital expenditure. (xi) The role of co-operative organisations in production, finance and marketing, (xii) Problems in fishing and comments on government policy. B8 (III) CLASSIFICATION AND TABULATION OF PRIMARY DATA FOR THE PURPOSE OF ANALYSIS The tabular analysis and classification of primary data was done question-wise. Questions in the ques­ tionnaire were grouped and the tabular information was commented upon as shown below (IV) TABULAR ANALYSIS WITH COMiyiENTARY TABLE 12 (Q.3) SIZES OF THE FAJilLY ENGAGID IN FISHING Family Size Unit Total (No.of Persons) 1 2 // 2 3 / 1 4 // 2 5 H -H / 5 6 m i / / 7 7 H -ht / / 7 8 // 2 9 /// 3 10 // 2 11 //// 4 12 -H-ht 5 13 /// 3 U //// 4 15 // 2 16 // 2 89 COMMENTARY ON TABLE 12 The families running fishing as traditional busi­ ness is significant characteristic of fishing occupation at Satpati. The business with its expertise is passed on from one generation to another. The frequency distribu­ tion of the families according to number of members shows that the maximum average is between 5 and 6. Major fish­ ing business at Satpati is for pomfret (gill-net/Dalda) which requires smaller number of persons in the manage­ ment of business. In the case of bag-net (Kav) fishing the required number of members is large. Moreover, the process of family disintegration has its impact on the size of family. Ordinarily 2 or 3 members of family are adequate for the purpose of supervision of fishing busi­ ness. 90 TABLE 13 (Q.8) LEVEL OP EDUCATION OF m B E R S IN THE PAI4ILY Primary Secondary Univer- Tech- sity nical tW tV tV tW / / tW tW / tV tV tV tV tW tV tV tV tV tW H-H-H^'-hhhf-H-H+HH- - h h H m i 11 H-Hii-HH+f H-h -m -H-H im m i i m m i mi m-fm-f m^ mi imHium // mi imim im m-f im im im im im im im im im im im im imim an imm-t im im ■ m ^ m a m i m i m i m im imim imim 11 (147) (190) (52) (7) CQMENTARY ON TABLE NO. 1 3 The fishing business is being carried on in the fishermen families for generations together. The 91 efficiency in conducting business profitably depends more on "on the job experience" or the formal training which is being provided by the institutes like Central Insti­ tute of Fisheries Education, Bombay, Central Institute of Fisheries Operatives, Srnakulam, Cochin etc. than on the general education. The elder person in the family have received primary education which is adequate for them. The ability to read, write and count (preliminary calcu­ lation) is supposed to be chief requirement. As time passed on, till independence members of the fishing fami­ lies were inclined to take higher education - becoming a "matriculate" was a prestigeous matter for the family. However, during the last 30 years importance of higher secondary education is increased for male as well as female members of the family. However, the trend in be­ coming a graduate is followed by relatively few numbers. As the above table indicates importance of secondary edu­ cation is on the increase. Wliat is actually required is not the formal university education but the specialised technical education in fishing. 92 TABLE 14 (Q.9 + Q.10) ASSETS AND BUSINESS EQUIPI^IENTS OF THE FAMILIES ENGAGED IN FISHING House__ Boat Net______ Engine Owned Rent- Own- Borrow- Own- Borrow- Owned Borrowed 9 ed ed ed ed ed i-hH i-hH- hhhf- hhH hhH HH hhH m i h h ti // hhH- HH -H H -hhH i-hH^ -H-H HH -hHi- hhH -H +t -hhH- -hH-f hhH hhH HH i+fi htif- -H-H ■HH -fH i -hH i ■hhhf -H hf HH H-H- -H-H- H H hhH H H ih H HH HH H i-f // HHHH -H +f HH // -hhH HH hhht ih H // 62 05 25 42 07 60 20 47 93 COMMENTARY ON TABLE NO.14 The pattern of ownership of assets indicates that traditional fishing business is carried on by about 83.3 per cent. (62 out of 67 families) in their own houses, whose ovmer,ship has passed on from one generation to ano­ ther automatically and the size of the owned house gra­ dually grows when the younger generations renovate or make structural addition to the old house. Owning house is the major advantage because it reduces the establish­ ment costs. Whereas the fixed immovable capital asset is normally owned by a fishing family. The other major capital assets namely boat and engine are mostly borrowed by the families. About 61 fo of the families (42 out of 67) aad 69^ of the families (47 out of 67) borrowed res­ pectively boat and engine for carrying out fishing opera­ tions. The major reason behind this policy is inadequacy of funds for large scale investments, difficulties in maintenance and locking up of funds during the idle period of 4 months in which fishing operations are stopped. Net is an asset whose use requires adaptability because of the nature of its use and durability. Por 94 every season a change over is required from the old used net to new one requiring additional working capital. The cost of maintenance and repairs is continuous requiring continuous borrowing for working capital and renewal of loan contracts with the co-operative society. The expen­ diture on net is recurring expenditure because net once used are not fit for repeated use, because of large scale wear and tear„ Therefore, most of the families,92 per cent (60/67) meet the recurring expenditure by fre­ quent borrowing. 95 TABLE 15 (Q. U) MAN POWER WITH THE FISHING FAMILIES Tandel __________ Khalasis (Deckhands) Local Adivasi //// -hm -A/// w-f -mi- -fw- //// H+h 4441 m t 4444- 4444 4U4- W 4 44-14 W-f UN- 4414 i4N- -Z444 4H4- H44 H 4 i H44- 4+H 4 m H~H- 444i- 4444 4441 44U 44H 4444 44H 4-H-4 4444 4fH- 4444- 44-44 4444 /AV- 4444 4444 44H 4444 4444 4444 4444- 4144 4444 4414 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 414 4444 4444- 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4 1 4 4 4444 4414 4 ^4 ^ 4 ^ 4 4 4 4 4 4 ^ 4444-44U4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444- 4444 4444- 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4H4 4H4 4444 4444 U 4 4 4 4 4 4 44-44- 4444-4444 4444- H44- 4444 4444 4444 4-444 44H- 4444 4444-4+44- 4444- 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4H4 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444- 4444 4444 4444 4444 CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE... 96 TABLE 15 CONTimJBD . tW/ tVtV -hH-f- m i m i m i im m i -HH- Hii im im im im t V // -h -h - -h -h im im im im H-f~t-mi H U im im im im -HU H+tH-hf im im m i im -hHi tVtV i+H im im im im ■hhH -hH-t m i i m i m i m m i i m m i n i m i m i m i m im im im im im im im im i m /// (103) (372) (548) 97 TABLE 16 (Q.23) MSAOTS OP TRANSPORTATION OP PISH (1) Man drlven-two /// ( 3) wheeler (Hat Gadi) (2) Basket Carriers m i - H -fh / / / (18) (5) Net Carriers +H-h //// ( 9) (Couples) (4) Horse Cart +m- H-f+ HH- H-H- (44) ////- //// UH- ^ //// (5) Tempo -hH-f fm -H-H (20) (6) Trucks II ( 2) (7) Others /// ( 3) GOIvpCBNTARY ON TABLE NO .