Wai 2200, #A163 Muaupoko Land Alienation and Political Engagement Report Jane Luiten with Kesaia Walker A report commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal for the Porirua ki Manawatu inquiry (Wai 2200) August 2015 ii Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 War and Resettlement, 1820 – 1845 ................................................. 11 1.1 Early settlement .......................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Tuwhare to Waiorua, 1820-1826 ................................................................................................ 14 1.3 Waiorua to Haowhenua, 1826-1833 ........................................................................................... 21 1.4 Haowhenua to Crown colony, 1835-1845 .................................................................................. 28 1.5 Reflections on war and resettlement ........................................................................................... 40 Chapter 2 ‘Loose empire’, 1845 – 1866 ............................................................ 43 2.1 Muaupoko at Horowhenua .......................................................................................................... 44 2.2 Hector McDonald’s lease ............................................................................................................ 47 2.3 Crown purchase .......................................................................................................................... 49 2.4 Colonial wars .............................................................................................................................. 59 2.5 Reflections on early colonial engagement .................................................................................. 60 Chapter 3 Contesting Horowhenua, 1867 – 1873 .............................................. 63 3.1 Disputed boundaries .................................................................................................................... 63 3.2 Towards Native Land Court adjudication ................................................................................... 84 3.3 Title determination: Manawatu-Kukutauaki ............................................................................... 94 3.4 Title determination: Horowhenua ............................................................................................. 104 3.5 Reflections on Muaupoko’s 1873 title ...................................................................................... 108 Chapter 4 Kemp’s stewardship, 1873 – 1886 .................................................. 114 4.1 Ngati Raukawa’s interests ......................................................................................................... 116 4.2 Kawana Hunia and Ngati Pariri ................................................................................................ 123 4.3 Towards Subdivision and Sale .................................................................................................. 130 4.4 1886 Partition ............................................................................................................................ 148 4.5 Reflections on the 1886 partition .............................................................................................. 171 Chapter 5 Breaking up the tribal estate, 1887 – 1896...................................... 174 5.1 Horowhenua 2: the township block .......................................................................................... 175 5.2 Horowhenua 3: the individual 100-acre landholdings .............................................................. 184 5.3 Horowhenua 6: the rerewaho .................................................................................................... 191 5.4 Horowhenua 11: the tribal heartland ......................................................................................... 194 5.5 Horowhenua 12: the Tararua ranges ......................................................................................... 236 5.6 Horowhenua 14: the ‘Waiwiri’ block ....................................................................................... 237 5.7 Horowhenua Commission, 1896 ............................................................................................... 243 5.8 Reflections on 1890s litigation ................................................................................................. 258 iii Chapter 6 Individualisation/Partition, 1897 – 1903 ......................................... 261 6.1 Native Appellate Court 1897 .................................................................................................... 262 6.2 Horowhenua 14 ......................................................................................................................... 263 6.3 Horowhenua 11: Relative interests ........................................................................................... 271 6.4 The Cost of Litigation, Debt and Horowhenua 6 ...................................................................... 294 6.5 Horowhenua 11 Partition, 1898-1901 ....................................................................................... 300 6.6 Kawiu Partition, 1901 ............................................................................................................... 313 6.7 Reflections on nineteenth-century land alienation .................................................................... 319 Chapter 7 Twentieth Century Issues ................................................................ 324 7.1 Historical context for 20th century alienation ............................................................................ 324 7.2 Crown appropriation: Hokio Native Township, 1902 ............................................................... 328 7.3 Land to Liability: early Kawiu alienation ................................................................................. 345 7.4 ‘Closer settlement’ .................................................................................................................... 354 7.5 Crown purchase of Horowhenua 11B42C, 1926 ...................................................................... 362 7.6 Title consolidation .................................................................................................................... 366 7.7 The ‘return’ of leased land, rates and land alienation ............................................................... 377 7.8 Reflections on twentieth century land alienation and political engagement ............................. 386 Overview ........................................................................................................... 390 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 397 List of Tables Table 1: Muaupoko claims ...................................................................................................................... 2 Table 2: ‘Iwi. Muaupoko; Place. Horowhenua’, 1845 .......................................................................... 31 Table 3: Survey costs of 1886 partition .............................................................................................. 174 Table 4: The 81 owners of Horowhenua 11 ........................................................................................ 291 Table 5: South-western partition ......................................................................................................... 303 Table 6: Mairua partition .................................................................................................................... 305 Table 7: Eastern Shores Partition ........................................................................................................ 309 Table 8: 1901 Kawiu subdivision ....................................................................................................... 315 Table 9: Kawiu B36 lands vested for debt .......................................................................................... 350 Table 10: Sales of Kawiu B36 lands by May 1911 ............................................................................. 352 Table 11: Kawiu B36 lands leased by May 1911 ............................................................................... 353 Table 12: Alienations of Horowhenua 11B41 by May 1911 .............................................................. 353 Table 13: McDonald family landholdings in Horowhenua 11 ............................................................ 359 Table 14: Taueki lands under Consolidation, 1946 ............................................................................ 369 Table 15: Taueki consolidated lands: the five ‘family farms’ ............................................................ 379 Table 16: Taueki consolidated lands: the fate of the residential sections ........................................... 381 Table 17: Horowhenua 11 ‘Europeanised’ lands ................................................................................ 384 iv List of Figures Figure 1: Porirua ki Manawatu Inquiry District .................................................................................... 10 Figure 2: Muaupoko rohe at Horowhenua by the 1860s ......................................................................