ISSN 1831-5666 EU Energy Markets in 2014 Energy EU Energy Markets in 2014 This publication presents an adapted version of the Commission Staff Working Documents SWD (2014) 310 final and SWD (2014) 311 final accompanying the Communication «Progress towards completing the Internal Energy Market» COM (2014) 634 final of 13 October 2014. Legal notice: The European Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication, nor does it accept responsibility for any use made thereof. Some data included in this report are subject to database rights and/or third party copyright. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2014 ISBN 978-92-79-37962-8 doi:10.2833/2400 © European Union, 2014 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium Printed on white chlorine-free paper Table of contents 1. Trends and Developments in European Energy Markets 2014 .............. 6 1. Energy position of the EU ................................................................ 6 1.1. EU energy consumption ............................................................... 6 1.1.1. Gross Inland Consumption ...................................................... 6 1.1.2. Uses of energy sources by sector ................................................ 6 1.1.3. Energy intensity ................................................................ 8 1.2. EU energy supply ..................................................................... 9 1.2.1. EU primary energy production ................................................... 9 1.2.2. EU electricity generation ...................................................... 10 1.2.3. EU energy imports ........................................................... 10 1.2.4. EU import dependency ........................................................ 11 Electricity from RES ..................................................................... 12 2. Recent developments in the European wholesale markets of natural gas .............. 12 3. Recent developments in the European wholesale markets of electricity ................ 19 Traded volume and liquidity in the European wholesale markets ............................ 22 Integration of the European electricity markets ............................................ 23 ENERGY MARKETS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2014 / 3 2. Country reports ......................................................................... 27 Introduction ......................................................................... 27 BELGIUM ........................................................................... 28 BULGARIA .......................................................................... 33 CZECH REPUBLIC ................................................................... 38 DENMARK .......................................................................... 43 GERMANY .......................................................................... 48 ESTONIA ........................................................................... 54 IRELAND ........................................................................... 59 GREECE ............................................................................ 65 SPAIN ............................................................................. 70 FRANCE ............................................................................ 76 CROATIA ............................................................................ 82 ITALY ............................................................................. 86 ............................................................................ 91 CYPRUS ENERGY MARKETS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2014 / 4 ............................................................................. LATVIA 95 LITHUANIA ........................................................................ 100 ..................................................................... 105 LUXEMBOURG ......................................................................... HUNGARY 109 MALTA ............................................................................ 114 ............................................................... 118 THE NETHERLANDS ........................................................................... AUSTRIA 123 ........................................................................... 129 POLAND ........................................................................ PORTUGAL 135 ROMANIA .......................................................................... 141 SLOVENIA ......................................................................... 145 ......................................................................... 150 SLOVAKIA .......................................................................... FINLAND 155 SWEDEN .......................................................................... 159 ............................................................ 164 THE UNITED KINGDOM ENERGY MARKETS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2014 / 5 1. Trends and Developments in European Energy Markets 2014 1. Energy position of the EU FIGURE 1 – EU-28 GROSS INLAND CONSUMPTION (as % of total Mtoe) (2012) 1.1. EU energy consumption Nuclear 13.5% 1.1.1. Gross Inland Consumption Waste, non-ren. 0.8% Renewables Natural gas Gross inland consumption decreased by 4% between 2010 11.0% and 2012. Crude oil and petroleum products continued to 23.4% dominate the energy mix, although their share decreased from 35.1% to 33.8%. Solid fuels 17.5% Gas consumption decreased both in absolute and relative terms against feeble economic performance, weak electricity demand and growing role of solid fuels and renewables in the power sector. The quantity of gas consumed went down Crude oil and by 11%, reaching 393 Mtoe in 2012 and the share of gas petroleum products 33.8% Total = 1 682.9 Mtoe declined from 25.1% in 2010 to 23.4%. Source: Eurostat (preliminary data for 2012) Nuclear energy retained its share, with the quantity consumed declining from 236.6 Mtoe in 2010 to 227.7 Mtoe in 2012. 1.1.2. Uses of energy sources by sector Two energy sources saw an increase in consumption and 2012 final energy consumption was 5% below its 2010 share: solid fuels and renewables. Solid fuel consumption levels with transport remaining the largest consumer of increased from 280 Mtoe in 2010 to 293 Mtoe in 2012, energy, followed by industry and households. Compared to its share growing from 15.9% to 17.5%. Renewables 2010, the shares of different end use sectors remained fairly consumption went up from 172.1 Mtoe in 2010 to stable with transport at 32% (+0.5 p.p.), industry at 26% 184.4 Mtoe in 2012, its share growing from 9.8% in 2010 to (+0.5 p.p.) and households at 26% (-0.7 p.p.). 11% of gross inland consumption in 2012. Looking by fuel, between 2010 and 2012 against weak economic performance industrial gas consumption levels decreased even though the share of industry in in natural gas consumption went up slightly. Household gas consumption level and share went down between 2010 and 2012. In the area of petroleum products, shares remained unchanged between 2010 and 2012, with transport accounting for about two thirds and industry for 22%. Solid fuels are predominantly used in industry, with a share of 75%. ENERGY MARKETS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2014 / 6 FIGURE 2 – EU-28 TOTAL FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY END-USE SECTOR (in Mtoe) (1995-2012) 1 400 1 200 2% 1 000 14% 800 26% 600 26% 400 200 32% 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Agriculture Services, etc. Households Industry Transport Source: Eurostat (preliminary data for 2012) FIGURE 3 – EU-28 USE OF NATURAL GAS BY SECTOR (final consumption) (2012) Transport Services 1.1% 17.5% Households 41.8% Industry Other sectors 37.0% 61.9% Agriculture 1.4% Other 1.2% Energy available for final consumption = 259 Mtoe Source: Eurostat (preliminary data for 2012) FIGURE 4 – EU-28 USE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS BY SECTOR (final consumption) (2012) Other sectors 13.9% Industry 22.0% Transport 64.1% Energy available for final consumption = 515 Mtoe Source: Eurostat (preliminary data for 2012) ENERGY MARKETS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2014 / 7 FIGURE 5 – EU-28 USE OF SOLID FUELS BY SECTOR (final consumption) (2012) Services 2.4% Transport 0.1% Households 19.3% Industry Other sectors 75.1% 24.8% Agriculture 2.5% Other 0.6% Energy available for final consumption = 48 Mtoe Source: Eurostat (preliminary data for 2012) 1.1.3. Energy intensity Turning to electricity, total consumption went down by 2% Energy intensity is an indicator of the amount of energy between 2010 and 2012. In 2012 industry continues to be used to produce a unit of economic output. Final energy the largest consumer of electricity and in 2012 accounted intensity measures the energy efficiency of the economy for 86.6 Mtoe (down from 88.5 Mtoe in 2010), with the against final energy consumption that is the amount of share of industrial electricity consumption in total electricity energy finally available to different sectors after conversion consumption slightly down, reaching 36% of the total. of energy sources. Households and services each account for 30%