Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography Igor Ivan Jiří Horák Tomáš Inspektor Editors Dynamics in GIscience Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography Series editors William Cartwright, Melbourne, Australia Georg Gartner, Wien, Austria Liqiu Meng, München, Germany Michael P. Peterson, Omaha, USA The Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography series provides a contempo- rary view of current research and development in Geoinformation and Cartography, including GIS and Geographic Information Science. Publications with associated electronic media examine areas of development and current technology. Editors from multiple continents, in association with national and international organiza- tions and societies bring together the most comprehensive forum for Geoinformation and Cartography. The scope of Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography spans the range of interdisciplinary topics in a variety of research and application fields. The type of material published traditionally includes: • proceedings that are peer-reviewed and published in association with a conference; • post-proceedings consisting of thoroughly revised final papers; and • research monographs that may be based on individual research projects. The Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography series also includes various other publications, including: • tutorials or collections of lectures for advanced courses; • contemporary surveys that offer an objective summary of a current topic of interest; and • emerging areas of research directed at a broad community of practitioners. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7418 Igor Ivan • Jiří Horák • Tomáš Inspektor Editors Dynamics in GIscience 123 Editors Igor Ivan Tomáš Inspektor Institute of Geoinformatics Institute of Geoinformatics VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava Ostrava - Poruba Ostrava - Poruba Czech Republic Czech Republic Jiří Horák Institute of Geoinformatics VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava Ostrava - Poruba Czech Republic ISSN 1863-2246 ISSN 1863-2351 (electronic) Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography ISBN 978-3-319-61296-6 ISBN 978-3-319-61297-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-61297-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017946055 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Still, a majority of GI systems persist to be static. We are focused on a precise and accurate description of 2D or 3D reality, but many applications disregard temporal development and continuous changes in system, data, models, and relationships. Even for capturing reality in time series, inefficient forms of storage, retrieval, processing, analysing, modelling, and visualisation are still frequently applied. Time is the key element of contemporary GIS. Mobile and wearable electronics, sensor networks, UAVs and other mobile snoopers, IoT, and many other resources produce a massive amount of data every minute, which is naturally located in space as well as in time. While we are observers of usually mild improvement of spatial resolution of our data, we face substantial improvement of its temporal resolution. More frequent remotely sensed imagery, statistical data, or environmental measurements change our view of the world. Data time series are transformed into almost (from the human perspective) continuous data streams, which require changing of the concept of spatial data recording, storage, and manipulation. However, dynamics is not bound only by sometimes elusive human mobility data. The long tradition of environmental monitoring, statistical surveys, or business records has produced series of scenes, each valid only for some shorter or longer time interval. The analysis and modelling of the dynamics have to overcome a stepwise approach. The temporal dimension is required to become an integral part of the system; otherwise, it is unable to fully understand the dynamics of human–environment interactions, to generate sophisticated predictions and to take appropriate measures. Although time geography was established 50 years ago, the transformation from visual language into a full spatio-temporal information system is still limited. Dynamic spatial systems require solutions to many issues, such as efficient dealing with repeated spatial data; the archiving of historical data sets and retrieving data from archives; matching various spatial data snapshots to create a time-consistent model; quality conceptualisation and reproduction of spatio-temporal processes; detection of spatio-temporal patterns and spatio-temporal hot spots with appropriate inclusion of mutual interaction of space and time; analysis of individual group dynamics; distinguishing global and local changes; detection of changes in spatial v vi Preface patterns over time; measurement of interactions between moving objects; visual exploration of large spatio-temporal datasets; and/or predictions of data movement. Issues of dynamics do not stand alone. Extension of spatio-temporal systems and applications is accompanied by acquisition of usually heterogeneous and inconsistent resources, sometimes also influenced (highly determined) by social characteristics of the local context. The fundamental question is how to protect the privacy of sensitive spatio-temporal data from human monitoring. The large societal impact may be made through the release of Open Spatio-Temporal Data to support wide-scale research and public participation. Ostrava, Czech Republic Igor Ivan Jiří Horák Acknowledgements The editors of this book would like to thank all the people who have been directly or indirectly involved in the development of this proceedings. First of all, we would like to thank all the authors who submitted papers. Special thanks go to all the authors whose work was finally included in this book. Next, we would like to thank the scientific committee members and all the reviewers who worked hard to read all the submitted papers, provided suggestions, and helped with the selection process. Each chapter was reviewed by at least two scientific committee members or other reviewers. As a final note, we would like to thank European Spatial Data Research Organisation (EuroSDR), International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS), European Association of Geographers (EUROGEO), Czech Association for Geoinformation (CAGI), Slovak Association for Geoinformatics (SAGI), Ivo Vondrák the President of the Moravian-Silesian Region, and Tomáš Macura the Mayor of the City of Ostrava for their support. Igor Ivan Jiří Horák Tomáš Inspektor vii Programme Committee Igor Ivan, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, CZE—chair Tao Cheng, University College London, GB Urska Demsar, University of St Andrews, GB Hrvoje Gold, University of Zagreb, HR Marcin Stępniak, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL Martin Raubal, ETH Zurich, CHE Gennady Andrienko, Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems, GE Natalia Andrienko, Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems, GE Bin Jiang, University of Gävle, SWE Jiří Horák, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, CZE Hassan Karimi, University of Pittsburgh, USA David W. Wong, George Mason University, USA Ákos Jakobi, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, HUN Juan Carlos García Palomares, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, ESP VítVoženílek, Palacký University, CZE Harry J.P. Timmermans, Eindhoven University of Technology, NLD Mei-Po Kwan, University of Illinois, USA Juha Oksanen, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, FI Jaroslav Hofierka, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, SVK Soora Rasouli, Eindhoven University of Technology, NLD Alex Singleton, Liverpool University, GBR Katarzyna Sila-Nowicka, University of Glasgow, GB Simon Scheider, Utrecht University, NLD Jed A. Long, University of St Andrews, GB Elena Moltchanova, University of Canterbury, NZL Daniel Arribas-Bel, University of Liverpool, GBR Lex Comber, University of Leicester, GBR Maorong Ge, GFZ Potsdam, GE Joep Crompvoets, University of Leuven, BE ix x Programme Committee James Haworth, University College London, GBR David O’Sullivan,