SEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY DARIN HOWE HOWED UCALGARY.CA UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY DARIN HOWE, 2003 ii Table of contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................................................IV INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET CHART.................................................................................................. V 1. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................................1 2. INTRASEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY ..................................................................................................................4 2.1. PHONEME INVENTORIES AND FEATURES.......................................................................................................... 4 2.2. ARTICULATOR-FREE FEATURES .....................................................................................................................12 2.2.1. Major class features .................................................................................................................................................12 2.2.1.1. [±consonantal]...........................................................................................................................................12 2.2.1.2. [±sonorant].................................................................................................................................................22 2.2.2. Other articulator-free features..............................................................................................................................27 2.2.2.1. [±lateral] .....................................................................................................................................................27 2.2.2.2. [±strident] ..................................................................................................................................................30 2.2.2.3. [±continuant].............................................................................................................................................33 2.3. PLACE FEATURES..........................................................................................................................................39 2.3.1. Lips...............................................................................................................................................................................40 2.3.1.1. [labial].........................................................................................................................................................40 2.3.1.2. [±round]......................................................................................................................................................42 2.3.2. Tongue Blade .............................................................................................................................................................44 2.3.2.1. [coronal].....................................................................................................................................................44 2.3.2.2. [±anterior]..................................................................................................................................................48 2.3.2.3. [±distributed].............................................................................................................................................51 2.3.3. Tongue Body ..............................................................................................................................................................53 2.3.3.1. [dorsal] .......................................................................................................................................................53 2.3.3.2. Other Tongue Body features...................................................................................................................58 2.4. SOFT PALATE...............................................................................................................................................62 2.5. GUTTURAL FEATURES ..................................................................................................................................66 2.5.1. Tongue Root ...............................................................................................................................................................66 2.5.1.1. [radical] ......................................................................................................................................................66 2.5.1.2. [±ATR] .........................................................................................................................................................67 2.5.2. Larynx .........................................................................................................................................................................70 2.5.2.1. [glottal].......................................................................................................................................................70 2.5.2.2. [±voice] .......................................................................................................................................................72 2.5.2.3. [±spread glottis] ........................................................................................................................................78 2.5.2.4. [±constricted glottis]................................................................................................................................82 2.5.3. Tone .............................................................................................................................................................................87 2.5.3.1. [±upper register].......................................................................................................................................87 2.5.3.2. [±raised pitch] ...........................................................................................................................................97 2.6. INTRASEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY: CONCLUSION .............................................................................................102 2.7. PRACTICE ..................................................................................................................................................106 iii 3. INTERSEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY...............................................................................................................113 3.1. SYNTAGMATIC PROCESSES..........................................................................................................................113 3.2. ARTICULATOR-FREE FEATURES ...................................................................................................................114 3.2.1. Major Class Features..............................................................................................................................................114 3.2.2. The other articulator-free features ....................................................................................................................116 3.2.2.1. [±lateral] ...................................................................................................................................................116 3.2.2.2. [±strident] ................................................................................................................................................120 3.2.2.3. [±continuant]...........................................................................................................................................125 3.3. PLACE FEATURES........................................................................................................................................131 3.3.1. Lips.............................................................................................................................................................................131 3.3.1.1. [labial].......................................................................................................................................................131 3.3.1.2. [±round]....................................................................................................................................................137 3.3.2. Tongue Blade ...........................................................................................................................................................145 3.3.2.1. [coronal]...................................................................................................................................................145 3.3.2.2. [±anterior]................................................................................................................................................150 3.3.2.3. [±distributed]...........................................................................................................................................154 3.3.3. Tongue Body ............................................................................................................................................................156 3.3.3.1. [dorsal] .....................................................................................................................................................156