HUMAN RIGHTS “We Suffered When We Came Here” Rights Violations Linked to Resettlements for Tajikistan’s Rogun Dam WATCH “We Suffered When We Came Here” Rights Violations Linked to Resettlements for Tajikistan’s Rogun Dam Copyright © 2014 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-62313-1470 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org JUNE 2014 978-1-62313-1470 “We Suffered When We Came Here” Rights Violations Linked to Resettlements for Tajikistan’s Rogun Dam Summary and Key Recommendations .............................................................................. 1 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 17 I. The Rogun Dam in Context ......................................................................................... 20 Tajikistan’s Political and Economic Climate ........................................................................... 20 Human Rights in Tajikistan .................................................................................................... 21 The Rogun Hydropower Project .............................................................................................. 22 The World Bank’s Role in the Rogun Dam Project .................................................................... 24 II. Social and Economic Rights Violations Following Resettlement ................................. 27 Lack of Access to Land for Farming and Raising Livestock ....................................................... 29 Access to Land in Villages Near the Rogun Dam ............................................................... 29 Farming and Animal Husbandry in Villages Near the Rogun Dam ...................................... 30 Lack of Land for Agriculture and Livestock in Resettled Communities ................................ 31 Reduced Access to and Variety of Food ............................................................................ 34 Loss of Income-Generating Activities ............................................................................... 35 New Resettlement Sites with Land Readily Available ........................................................ 36 Lack of Employment in Resettled Communities ...................................................................... 37 The Dilemma of Migrating for Work .................................................................................. 38 Unreliable and Insufficient Access to Essential Services ......................................................... 39 Electricity ........................................................................................................................ 39 Water ............................................................................................................................. 40 Exemptions for Utility Payments ............................................................................................ 44 Inadequate Access to Education and Forced Child Labor ........................................................ 45 Lack of Local Schools in Some Resettled Communities .................................................... 45 School officials in Dangara Force Children to Harvest Cotton ............................................ 48 People with Disabilities ......................................................................................................... 50 Housing Specifically Designated for People with Disabilities ................................................... 51 Access to Healthcare and Disability Pensions .................................................................. 52 III. Lack of Fair or Adequate Compensation ..................................................................... 54 Flaws in Compensation Awards ............................................................................................. 55 Process of Determining Compensation ............................................................................ 55 Compensation Does Not Reflect the Loss of Agricultural Activities .................................... 56 Compensation Does Not Reflect the Cost of Building a New Home .................................... 57 Flaws in the Implementation of the Compensation Process .................................................... 64 Delays in Payment of Compensation Installments ............................................................ 64 IV. Physical Dangers and Disruptions to Essential Services in Villages Adjacent to Rogun Dam .............................................................................................................................. 67 Blasting Near Populated Villages ........................................................................................... 67 Government Demolition of Inhabited Homes in Talhak Cheshma ............................................ 69 Decreased Access to Water and Farmland ............................................................................... 71 V. Lack of Transparency and Effective Complaint Mechanisms ....................................... 72 Lack of Information About Securing Land for Agriculture and Household Plots ........................ 72 Land for Agricultural Use ................................................................................................. 72 Securing Household Plots ............................................................................................... 74 Lack of an Accessible and Effective Complaint Mechanism ..................................................... 75 VI. Tajikistan’s Responsibilities under National and International Law and Standards .... 78 Rights to Food, Water, Housing, Work, Health, and Education ................................................. 78 Human Rights Obligations Regarding Resettlement ................................................................ 80 The World Bank’s Involuntary Resettlement Policy .................................................................. 81 The Right to an Effective Remedy ........................................................................................... 82 Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 83 To the State Committee of Investment and Management of State Property of the Republic of Tajikistan, the Directorate for the Flood Zone of Rogun Hydropower Plant, and the Local Authorities in All Districts ...................................................................................................... 83 To the Directorate for the Flood Zone of Rogun Hydropower Plant ........................................... 84 To the Local Authorities in All Relevant Districts ..................................................................... 86 To the World Bank ................................................................................................................. 87 To the World Bank and Other Potential Donors ....................................................................... 87 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 88 Appendix ..................................................................................................................... 89 Summary and Key Recommendations Human Rights Watch | June 2014 “We Suffered When We Came Here” Rights Violations Linked to Resettlements for Tajikistan’s Rogun Dam The proposed Rogun Dam in Tajikistan has the potential to bring much-needed electricity and heat to people across the country and to bolster Tajikistan’s economy through exports of surplus power. At 335 meters, the Rogun Dam is slated to become the tallest dam in the world. Tajik President Emomali Rahmon has stressed that completing the Rogun Dam is of “life or death importance” for the nation, which suffers from A row of partially complete, unoccupied houses at the resettlement site in Tursunzoda district. Because many chronic energy shortages in the winter months. But thousands of people have already residents construct their own homes in an effort to save been compelled to resettle to make way for the dam and more will be resettled in the money, construction can take several years, during which period individuals travel to and from their old homes. future. The government has obligations to respect their rights and to ensure that they do © 2013 Jessica Evans/ Human Rights Watch not suffer undue hardships and harm. POPULATED PLACES AT RISK OF INUNDATION FROM ROGUN DAM RESERVOIR RISK LEVEL: Shhokhindaraokhindara Shhulmakulmak Probable innundation Potential innundation Saangimalikingimaliki PROJECTED RESERVOIR PodzhyePodzhye Loonobanoba SangikarSangikar Kaaralukraluk Naavabadvabad KMM Giilkandlkand