The Anthology GODIAC – Good practice for dialogue and communication as strategic principles for policing political manifestations in Europe With the fi nancial support from the Prevention of and Fight against Crime Programme of the European Union European Commission-Directorate- General Home Affairs. HOME/2009/ISEC/AG/182 The Anthology 2 The Anthology 3 Table of content Preface ..............................................................................4 Introduction .....................................................................5 1 Police .................................................................................8 1.1 The infl uence of knowledge-based learning on the development of special police tactics in Sweden (Marianne Hilton and Christian Wessman) .................................8 1.2 Inquiries into the activities of law enforcement forces at mass demonstrations – Methodology and experiences (Barnabás Hajas and Ágnes Lux) ...................43 1.3 Dialogue police work: a balancing act on a slack tightrope (Ola Österling) .....................................................54 1.4 Does the GODIAC project have any impact on the keeping of public order in Hungary? Trends in the policing of mass events in Hungary, 2008–2012 (Barnabás Hajas) ...............................................60 1.5 Tactical communication in Germany: An overview and future prospects (Daniel Brunsch) .................................72 1.6 The possibility of using the private security services in Slovakia to ensure local and state public order (Jozef Metenko).................................................................. 84 1.7 Learning and special events (Bo Wennström) .......................92 2 Protesters ....................................................................100 2.1 Before the Bombs There Were the Mobs: American Experiences with Terror (David C. Rapoport).......................100 2.2 A changing landscape of protesters (Heléne Lööw) ...........126 2.3 Transnational Political Protest: a Portuguese Perception (Sérgio Felgueiras, Lúcia G. Pais, Hugo Abreu, Rafael Martins, and José P. Rocha) ........................................149 2.4 The LGBT Pride and the Freedom of Peaceful Assembly (Ágnes Lux) ....................................................... 174 2.5 State, Security, and the Media: The Ritualization Process in Contemporary Politics (Maria de Fátima Amante) ...................................................195 2.6 Media Perceptions of Police Activity in Major Political Events: An Overview of the Portuguese Context during 2011 (Lúcia G. Pais, Sérgio Felgueiras, André Serra, Hélder Machado, and Hugo Pereira) .....................................205 2.7 Social Media Images of Police Use of Force during Protest Demonstrations (Caroline Schug and Joachim Kersten) ...............................................................218 2.8 Transnational Aspects of Social Media 1900–1967: Infl uence, Signals and False Flags (Jeffrey Kaplan) ..............226 The Anthology 4 Preface This anthology forms part of the “Good practice demonstrators and activists, their motivation, mobil- for dialogue and communication as strategic princi- ity and strategies. The material also addresses dia- ples for policing political manifestations in Europe” logue and communication as strategic principles and ( GODIAC) project. The anthology is one of four doc- promotes the evaluation of policing major events to uments produced by the GODIAC project. The other stimulate lessons to be learnt. documents include a booklet summarising the fi eld The project co-ordinator was the Swedish National study results, a handbook on the peer-review method Police Board. There were twenty partner organisa- and ten individual fi eld study reports. tions in twelve European countries. These consisted The purpose of the project was to identify and of twelve police organisations and eight research/edu- spread good practice in relation to dialogue and com- cational organisations. munication as strategic principles in managing and The project ran between 1st August 2010 until preventing public disorder at political manifestations 31st July 2013 with grateful fi nancial support pro- in order to uphold fundamental human rights and vided by the Prevention and Fight against Crime to increase public safety at these events in general. Programme of the European Commission-Directo- The overall idea of the project has been to integrate rate-General Home Affairs and the Swedish National operative police work, research and training within Police Board. the fi eld and to build international and institutional Our aim and aspiration is that the material pro- networks. duced by the project will serve as a contribution The main target group for the anthology is police towards a European approach on how to police commanders, researchers and trainers that wish to crowds and political manifestations through effective increase their knowledge on the social identities of dialogue and communication. Stockholm in May 2013 Lena Tysk Christian Wessman Deputy Head of Department for Police Affairs Police Superintendent Chairman of the GODIAC project Manager of the GODIAC project Swedish National Police Board Swedish National Police Board The Anthology 5 Introduction This anthology is part of the project “Good Practice What are the motives of and the different tactics for Dialogue and Communication as Strategic Princi- and strategies used by different kinds of protest ples for Policing Political Manifestations in Europe” groups? 1 (GODIAC). What police strategies and tactics can be seen as The purpose of the GODIAC project was to con- good examples? tribute to the development of a European approach to policing political manifestations. The aim of this researcher volume is, on the one The strategic objectives of the GODIAC project hand, to present research produced during the course were: of the GODIAC project, along with the experienc- Analyse and disseminate good practices of apply- es of police offi cers in the fi eld and of trainers who ing research-based principles focusing on commu- participated in the project, and on the other hand, to nication and dialogue as strategic principles for broaden that perspective by incorporating contribu- de-escalation and prevention of public order dis- tions from outside the project. The volume is divided turbances at political manifestations in Europe. into two parts; the fi rst deals with issues related to Increase knowledge on the social identities of the police, and the second addresses issues related to demonstrators and activists, their motivation, demonstrators and protesters. We hope that this vol- mobility and strategies. ume will provide further insight into issues associated Stimulate the use of research-based knowledge in with policing at major events and shed light on the policing political manifestations. complexity of the organisations, motives, and strate- Promote evaluation of policing major events at gies in play whenever protester groups are involved. a European level. The fi rst part of the volume consists of a series of Stimulate lessons to be learnt, disseminated and articles dealing with issues of dialogue and commu- used nationally and internationally. nication as a strategic tool in policing major events. Develop institutional co-operation and net- First, Marianne Hilton and Christian Wessman pres- works at a European level between practitioners, ent the Swedish special police tactics (SPT) project. researchers and trainers. Hilton was the SPT project manager, and as a police Facilitate collaboration between law enforcement commander, Wessman was one of the practitioners agencies and research networks. to take part in the fi eld studies conducted under the project’s aegis. The SPT project came about in the GODIAC addressed the following overall research aftermath of the riots during the European Union questions: (EU) summit in Gothenburg in 2001, and the article How can communication and dialogue strategies discusses how the project was developed, what les- contribute to preventing public order disturbances sons were learned, and what happened after the pro- or help de-escalate tense situations in demonstra- ject’s completion. The experiences of those involved tions? with the Swedish project in turn inspired the Swedish National Police to initiate the GODIAC project. Ola Österling, head of the dialogue unit of the Stockholm County Police, provides his perspective and experience on dialogue and communication. 1 This publication refl ects the views of its authors alone. The European Commission cannot be held responsible for any He does so from the perspective of a police offi cer on use that may be made of the information contained herein. the ground. Österling was one of the key fi gures in The Anthology 6 developing the dialogue concept that became central project. Rappoport addresses the use of mob terror to the establishment of dialogue policing as a tactic as a strategic tool for creating panic in a US context. within the Swedish police. Using mobs as a strategic tool is an old tactic, as are Barnabás Hajas and Àgnes Lux, who both work at many tactics used by militant groups; these tactics the Hungarian ombudsman’s offi ce, provide another have been changed and adapted over the course of experience of developing police tactics. Together they time to suit the goals of those who employ them. describe experiences in the ombudsman’s offi ce relat- Following this, and in a similar vein, Heléne Lööw ed to fi