DePaul Law Review Volume 53 Issue 2 Winter 2003: Symposium - After Disaster: The September 11th Compensation Article 21 Fund and the Future of Civil Justice Cultural Heritage Tug of War: Balancing Preservation Interests and Commercial Rights Sarah La Voi Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/law-review Recommended Citation Sarah La Voi, Cultural Heritage Tug of War: Balancing Preservation Interests and Commercial Rights , 53 DePaul L. Rev. 875 (2013) Available at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/law-review/vol53/iss2/21 This Comments is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Law at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in DePaul Law Review by an authorized editor of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CULTURAL HERITAGE TUG OF WAR: BALANCING PRESERVATION INTERESTS AND COMMERCIAL RIGHTS He waka eke noa A Maori proverb about common property meaning "A canoe on which everyone may embark." INTRODUCTION: EXPLORING RIGHTS TO CULTURAL HERITAGE This Comment explores the clash between indigenous groups fight- ing to control their intangible cultural heritage' and entities that use 2 traditional knowledge for inspiration to create commercial works. The beauty and power of native language, legends, songs, folklore, and history motivates artists, authors, playwrights, and designers to incorporate aspects of native heritage into different pop culture medi- ums. Corporations also seek to incorporate indigenous imagery into their products, services, or marketing because they recognize the com- mercial value of doing so. Indigenous groups often resist these culture 3 leaks and seek to control exclusively aspects of their cultural heritage that others believe are in the public domain, free for all to use. First, Part II of this Comment attempts to define cultural heritage. This is not an easy task as the concept of cultural heritage varies be- 4 tween groups and encompasses both tangible and intangible aspects. This Comment focuses only on the intangible rights associated with 5 cultural heritage, as opposed to rights in controlling a physical work. Part II then traces the development of statutory and case law applica- 1. See Sarah Harding, Value, Obligation and Cultural Heritage, 31 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 291, 297-304 (1999). This Comment intends for the term "cultural heritage" to encompass several forms of traditional knowledge created by individuals, groups, or generations, which include stories, myths, folklore, and some art. See also Press Release, Estate of T'sunke Witko, One Brewing Company Settles Lawsuit with the Family of Crazy Horse and Rosebud Sioux Tribe [hereinafter Estate of T'sunke Witko], available at http://www.ableza.org/CHorse.html (last visited July 20, 2003). 2. For the purpose of this Comment, "commercial works" may include several types of expres- sions, including plays, books, advertisements, comic books, toys, games, and more. 3. For more information on organized indigenous legal battles for property rights across the world, see the South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council website, at http://www.noon- gar.org.au/legal.htm (last visited Nov. 15, 2003). 4. See Harding, supra note 1. 5. See Patty Gerstenblith, Protection of Cultural Heritage Found on Private Land: The Para- digm of the Miami Circle and Regulatory Takings Doctrine After Lucas, 13 ST. THOMAS L. REV. 65, 111 (2000) (advocating the placement of preservation obligations on those who own land DEPAUL LAW REVIEW [Vol. 53:875 ble to intangible cultural heritage disputes under the umbrella of intel- lectual property. The trademark, copyright, and right of publicity cases represented in this Comment are not necessarily landmark intel- lectual property decisions; still, all cases involve holdings and facts that may be applicable to cultural heritage appropriation suits. To illustrate this complex cultural heritage tug of war, Part III uses the backdrop of an ongoing, real-life struggle be- tween the Maori, indigenous tribes of New Zealand,6 and the with "cultural, historic, and archaeological resources of value and significance both to Native Americans and to the general public"). 6. See generally Ani Mikaere & Craig Coxhead, Treaty of Waitangi and Maori Land Law, 2002 N.Z. L. REV. 415 (2002) (outlining the background on the unique situation of the Maori and New Zealand's laws affecting this indigenous group's real property rights). See also Government of New Zealand Archives, available at http://www.archives.govt.nz/holdings/treaty.html (last vis- ited Nov. 15, 2003). The government of New Zealand explains the history behind the Treaty of Waitangi: Following a day of heated debate at the house of James Busby, the British Resident, the Treaty of Waitangi was signed at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands on 6 February 1840 by Captain William Hobson, several English residents and approximately forty-five Maori chiefs. The influential chief Tamati Waka Nene turned the debate in favour of the Treaty. The first Maori to sign was Hone Heke; three other chiefs placed their signature above his later that day. The document signed at Waitangi was then taken to various other Northland locations to obtain additional Maori signatures. To extend Crown authority over parts of the North Island that had not yet been cov- ered, and the South Island, a further seven copies of the Waitangi document were sent around the country for signing. The Church Missionary Society press at Paihia, near Waitangi, printed copies of the Treaty and one of these also was used to obtain further signatures. Id. See also Government of New Zealand website, at http://www.govt.nz/en/aboutnz/?id=77737fd 3275e394a8ed9d416a72591d0 (last visited Nov. 15, 2003). The three central parts from the origi- nal English version of the Treaty of Waitangi capture the spirit of the agreement: ARTICLE THE FIRST The Chiefs of the Confederation of the United Tribes of New Zealand and the separate and independent Chiefs who have not become members of the Confederation cede to Her Majesty the Queen of England absolutely and without reservation all the rights and powers of Sovereignty which the said Confederation or Individual Chiefs respec- tively exercise or possess, or may be supposed to exercise or to possess, over their respective Territories as the sole Sovereigns thereof. ARTICLE THE SECOND Her Majesty the Queen of England confirms and guarantees to the Chiefs and Tribes of New Zealand and to the respective families and individuals thereof the full exclusive and undisturbed possession of their Lands and Estates Forests Fisheries and other properties which they may collectively or individually possess so long as it is their wish and desire to retain the same in their possession; but the Chiefs of the United Tribes and the individual Chiefs yield to Her Majesty the exclusive right of Preemption over such lands as the proprietors thereof may be disposed to alienate at such prices as may be agreed upon between the respective Proprietors and persons appointed by Her Maj- esty to treat with them in that behalf. 2003] CULTURAL HERITAGE TUG OF WAR 877 LEGO7 Group (LEGO) a Danish toy maker. For the purpose of this Comment, one must hypothetically place this dispute within the juris- diction of the United States.8 The Maori object to LEGO's use of Maori words and historical references 9 in Bionicle, 10 a hi-tech, interac- tive LEGO game.1 LEGO agreed to modify the game's second gen- eration,12 yet the struggle continues as the two sides work together to draft "Guidelines for the Use of Traditional Knowledge. 1 3 The guide- lines would propose suggestions for all toy makers when incorporating indigenous cultural elements into their products. The Maori have used only the power of publicity thus far; no lawsuits have been filed. Part III analyzes the Maori's possible legal claims against LEGO under established U.S. law and predicts the likelihood of success under trademark, copyright, and right of publicity regimes. Essen- ARTICLE THE THIRD In consideration thereof Her Majesty the Queen of England extends to the Natives of New Zealand Her royal protection and imparts to them all the Rights and Privileges of British Subjects. [Signed] W Hobson Lieutenant Governor Now therefore We the Chiefs of the Confederation of the United Tribes of New Zea- land being assembled in Congress at Victoria in Waitangi and We the Separate and Independent Chiefs of New Zealand claiming authority over the Tribes and Territories which are specified after our respective names, having been made fully to understand the Provisions of the foregoing Treaty, accept and enter into the same in the full spirit and meaning thereof in witness of which we have attached our signatures or marks at the places and the dates respectively specified Done at Waitangi this Sixth day of February in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty. Id. 7. LEGO is a registered trademark. 8. Jurisdiction could be in either federal or state court, depending on how petitioners chose to pursue these actions. Federal copyright and trademark laws exist, yet right of publicity is a state action. 9. See infra text accompanying notes 206-322 (detailing a list of Maori complaints). 10. See LEGO website, at http://www.lego.com/bionicle (last visited Nov. 15, 2003) (explain- ing the Bionicle story and history). 11. E-mail from Jette Orduna, LEGO, to Sarah La Voi, Student, DePaul University College of Law (Oct. 25, 2002, 12:09:38 CST) (on file with author). LEGO asserts that it studied a variety of cultures, not just Maori culture, to construct the Bionicle game. Id. 12. Kim Griggs, Maori Take On Hi-tech LEGO Toys, BBC NEWS (Oct. 26 2001), available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/l/hi/world/asia-pacific/1619406.stm (last visited Nov.