the next day, 20 people showed up to help them move. There was another Mexican family living in the same They built a new store at 722 Wyoming Street in 1985. block. They did plumbing and construction work. There was a black man named Valle who used to drive The property across the street from Louis's Specialty a truck for the Household Furniture Company. The once had a stone house on it (the Pauly house). It United Fruit Company was on the railroad tracks. The burned down in the 1950s, and Mr. Louie bought the kids used to go there, and the men working there whole thing and just kept it as it was until about four would give us fruit. years ago. They took it apart and hauled away the stone. There were a lot of people walking along the railroad tracks, rather than going along the street-it was easier and closer to go that way. There was a street along the Interview with Cruz Peiia Sellers tracks part of the way. Mrs. Sellers lived in the Runge Street area from 1929 We used to buy our meats at the Ludwig Meat Market until 1940. At :first her family lived in a small house on on Iowa Street. There were other grocery businesses Victoria Street, which was located on a large lot used through the neighborhood, on Nebraska and Cherry by her father, Julian Pena, for a wood yard. Later, streets. about 1936, they moved to 111 Runge Street. Her father sold wood and kindling to people who did not When they moved to the area in 1929, there were have gas or kerosene for heating and cooking. He also houses on most of the lots along Runge Street. Most of owned a truck, which he used to deliver wood and to them were owned by the Luchese family. A woman move people, as well as to take black Baptists to would come in a fancy car to pick up the rent. Our Salado Creek to be baptized. home belonged to Mr. Barnes. There were black and Mexican people living on Runge Street when they lived Mrs. Sellers attended Herff Elementary School in the there. All the people were nice people, and there was neighborhood. The area contained a mixture of no thought about people stealing or being afraid of "gringos" (polish, Jews, Germans), Mexicans, and anyone. Her parents moved back to Mexico in 1939, blacks. There were mostly black people in that part of and she moved into town on Alamo Street. Her town, and a lot of Mexicans, and about three German brothers and sisters married and stayed in San families. Antonio. Mesquite wood was preferred for cooking, and old They traveled on the train, but not on the Southern boards for kindling. Her father used to go out to Fort Pacific. They took the Missouri Pacific to go to visit Sam and pick up lumber where they were tearing family in Mexico. down buildings, bring it home, and sell it. The Chung Sun Chinese Grocery was across Victoria Interview with Joe Chihal Street from their first house. Later they moved a little east. There was a cleaning and tailor shop on the Mr. Chihal started working as a brakeman for the corner of Victoria and Runge streets. The Hardeman railroad in Louisiana. He was transferred to Texas in Barbeque place was across the street, where she used 1952. After serving in Alice, Houston, Lufkin, and to go and buy barbeque because he always gave her a Del Rio, he came to San Antonio in 1963. At that "pile-on." Hardeman's was a one-man operation, and time, he was assistant superintendent for the San he made his own sausage. Antonio division. When the government took over the railroad, he was on loan to the government to help get The San Antonio Casket Company used to be west of adjusted. He stayed with Amtrack for about two years, the Chung Sun Grocery and Mr. Hardeman, close to then went back to his earlier job. His office was in the the railroad tracks. Her father used to deliver their depot on Commerce Street. caskets to the funeral homes. They later went into the upholstery business also. 81 The Missouri Pacific was operating both freight and passenger trains out of the West Side when he came to San Antonio. The freight yard for the Southern Pacific was just off New Braunfels Street a little farther down from Commerce Street. All the trains were made up, and all the switches were done there. The only operations right around the passenger station were a few industries, such as Alamo Iron Works. The station was really just a passenger station, with offices on the second floor and passenger department on the first floor. The freight station was in the white brick building south of the station. Eventually, the freight station closed, and they moved them over to the passenger station, leaving just the trucking department there. Then later they moved the trucking over to the east yard near the switching yard just off New Braunfels Street. When he came here, mostly people came in the station to see the architecture. There were only two passenger trains operating. The railroad also served Alamo Iron Works, the San Antonio Machine and Supply Company, and Steves Sash and Door. Chihal tells a number of interesting anecdotes about a barber, a shoeshine place, an old hotel, a cook. Locally and nationally famous dignitaries came through, including Henry B. Gonzales, Jackie Gleason, and Mamie Eisenhower. Also, a number of movies were made in the area and used the depot. The Corner Cafe was a popular place to eat lunch, until the workers from HemisFair filled it up and you could not get in. He tells a bit about the makeup of the office he worked in and various people with whom he worked. Chihal took early retirement at age 55 in 1980. 82 References Cited Castaneda, C. E. 1942 The Mission Era, The end of the Spanish Regime. Our Catholic Heritage in Texas. Vol. V. Von Boeckmann-Jones, Austin. Kendall, D. S. 1974 Gentilz, Artist ofthe Old Southwest. The University of Texas Press, Austin. Pinckney, P. A. 1967 Painting in Texas,' The Nineteenth Century. University of Texas Press, Austin. San Antonio Express (SAE) 1897 [article concerning downtown development], 17 August. 1939 [article concerning downtown development], 31 December. San Antonio Light 1940 [article concerning Victoria Courts], 16 October. Steinbomer, R. A. 1983 Brickmaking in Texas. Texas Historical Commission, Austin. Copy on file at the San Antonio Conservation Society Library, San Antonio. Steinfeldt, C. 1978 San Antonio Was: Seen Through a Magic Lantern. Views from the Slide Collection ofAlbert Steves, Sr. San Antonio Museum Association, San Antonio. 83 Chapter 5 San Antonio, Texas, 1900-1940: A Period of Mutual Aid Shirley Boteler Mock What's on the exterior has little to do with how successfitl we are-it's the spirit within us. -Martin Luther King, Jr. Introduction during the early twentieth century? How did they interact with the rest of the African-American This report examines the processes of ethnicity at work community and other groups? These questions could in the empowerment of African-Americans against the only be answered with a more in-depth examination of historical backdrop of San Antonio from 1900-1940. the life strategies of the broader African-American In 1992 Phase IV excavations of the Alamodome community in early San Antonio. To a great extent, Project conducted by the Center of Archaeological however, this task was compromised by the lack of Research (CAR) were initiated within a 17-block area attention to the African-American in the historical (NCB 636) in the eastern section of San Antonio. reconstructions of early San Antonio (with the Construction of the Alamodome forced many exception of research conducted by the Institute of inhabitants of this neighborhood to vacate their homes Texan Cultures [ITC]). Moreover, comparative at the onset of the project. By the time Phase IV of the research also made it apparent that the San Antonio archaeological project had been initiated, maD.y of the African-American community did not fit into the mold small frame houses had either fallen prey to the cast by the constructed histories of other urbanized wrecker or had been deserted to transients, leaving the African-American groups in the United States. discards of drug and alcohol use intermingled with an Consequently, it was imperative to interview African­ assortment of worn-out clothing, abandoned furniture, Americans living during this time period to augment or and the enduring plastic remains of fast food clarify the archaeological and archival evidence. The restaurants. recollections and information collected and cited in this paper are the results of interviews which E. L. Fly and This study was originally intended to focus on the Associates and I conducted with African-Americans. archaeological evidence of the small enclave of homes located on Runge and Martin Luther King streets in Anthropologists must observe patterns in order to Denver Heights, excavated during Phase IV of the address stability and/or change as cultural processes. AIamodome Project; however, it soon became obvious However, in minority groups these behavioral patterns that this evidence alone was inadequate to address are often subsumed and shaped by the social more urgent questions. How did the African­ dimensions of ethnicity, the more subtle aspects of Americans who lived in these modest frame homes which are examined in the archaeological record and cope with discrimination and economic inequities discussed in the first part of this paper.