DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALBERT B. FALL, Secretary UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Bulletin 706 THE IRON-ORE RESOURCES OF EUROPE BY MAX ROESLER WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1921 CONTENTS. Page. Preface, by J. B. Umpleby................................................. 9 Introduction.............................................................. 11 Object and scope of report............................................. 11 Limitations of the work............................................... 11 Definitions.........................:................................. 12 Geology of iron-ore deposits............................................ 13 The utilization of iron ores............................................ 15 Acknowledgments...................................................... 16 Summary................................................................ 17 Geographic distribution of iron-ore deposits within the countries of new E urope............................................................. 17 Geologic distribution................................................... 22 Production and consumption.......................................... 25 Comparison of continents.............................................. 29 Spain..................................................................... 31 Distribution, character, and extent of the deposits....................... 31 Cantabrian Cordillera............................................. 31 The Pyrenees..................................................... 34 Kanges west of Ebro River ........................................ 35 Sierra Menera..................................................... 36 Sierra Guadalupe................................................. 37 Sierra Fregenal................................................... 37 Sierra Morena..................................................... 37 Ranges of the south coast........................................... 39 Summary of the iron resources of Spain............................ 40 Production and consumption.......................................... 41 Portugal.................................................................. 42 Distribution, character, and extent of the deposits....................... 42 Moncorvo........................................................ 42 Porto de Moz...................................................... 44 Serra dos Monges.................................................. 44 Sao Thiago de Cacem and Odemira................................. 44 Summary......................................................... 44 Production and consumption.......................................... 45 United Kingdom.......................................................... 45 Distribution, character, and extent of the deposits....................... 45 Mesozoic ores..................................................... 45 Carboniferous ores................................................. 48 Hematite and magnetite ores...................................... 49 Miscellaneous deposits............................................. 51 Summary of iron resources of the United Kingdom................... 52 Production and consumption.......................................... 52 France................................................................... 55 Distribution, character, and extent of the deposits....................... 55 Lorraine Basin..................................................... 55 History...................................................... 55 Extent and character of the deposits........................... 60 Reserves..................................................... 63 3 4 CONTENTS. France Continued. Distribution, character, and extent of the deposits Continued. page. Normandy........................................................ 64 Brittany and Anjou............................................... 66 Pyre'ne'ea-Orientales................................................ 66 Haute-Marne..................................................... 67 Other deposits.................................................... 68 Summary of reserves............................................... 69 Production and consumption.......................................... 69 Belgium.................................................................. 72 Distribution, character, and extent of the deposits....................... 72 Campine region................................................... 72 Namur-Lie'ge...................................................... 73 Production and consumption.......................................... 74 Netherlands .............................................................. 74 Luxemburg............................................................... 74 Distribution, character, and extent of the deposits ...................... 74 Production and consumption.......................................... 75 Germany.................................................................. 75 Distribution, character, and extent of the deposits....................... 75 Saar Valley...................................................... 75 West Rhine...................................................... 76 East Rhine........................................................ 76 Bergischer-Kalkberg district................................... 76 Siegerland district............................................ 77 Lahn-Dill district............................................. 77 Westerwald-Taunus-Vogelsberg district......................... 78 Spessart....................................................... 78 Summary...................................................... 79 Weser district..................................................... 79 Salzgitter-Iselde region........................................ 79 Harz Mountains .............................................. 80 Kellerwald-Sauerland region................................... 80 Lower Hesse................................................. 80 Bentheim-Ochtrup-Ottenstein region........................... 80 Teutoburger Wald and Wesergebirge areas...................... 81 Oolitic ores.................................................. 81 Summary of the Weser district................................ 82 North and central Germany....................................... 82 Thuringia........................................................ 82 Bavaria and Wurttemberg.......................................... 83 Schmiedeberg..................................................... 84 Summary of German iron reserves................................. 84 Production and consumption........................................... 84 Switzerland............................................................... 87 Distribution, character, and extent of the deposits....................... 87 Jura Mountains.................................................... 87 Mont Chemin..................................................... 88 Avers............................................................. 88 Gonzen.......................................................... 88 Chasnoson and Erzegg-Planplatten.................................. 88 Other deposits.................................................... 88 Summary for Switzerland......................................... 88 Production and consumption.......................................... 89 CONTENTS. Italy..................................................................... 89 Distribution, character, and extent of the deposits....................... 89 Elba............................................................. 89 Sardinia......................................................... 89 Val d'Aosta....................................................... 90 Bergamo-Brescia................................................. 90 Central Italy...................................................... 90 Miscellaneous.................................................... 90 Summary for Italy................................................ 90 Production and consumption . ........................................ 91 Norway.................................................................. 91 Distribution, character, and extent of the deposits....................... 91 Concentrating ores of northern Norway.............................. 92 Direct smelting ores of northern Norway........................... 93 Titaniferous ore................................................... 93 "Purple ore"..................................................... 93 Southern Norway. ...:............................................ 94 Summary for Norway.............................................. 94 Production and consumption.......................................... 94 Sweden.................................................................. 94 Distribution, character, and extent of the deposits....................... 94 Northern Sweden.................................................. 95 Central Sweden................................................... 96 Southern Sweden.................................................. 98 Summary for Sweden.............................................. 99 Production and consumption.......................................... 99 Finland.................................................................. 99 Distribution, character, and extent of the deposits....................... 99 Production and consumption.......................................... 100 The Baltic States..................i.....................................