Technical Guideline Development for High Performance Coastal First Nations Housing UBC Sustainability Scholars / CEEN 596 Final Report April 22, 2016 Dylan Heerema Executive Summary This CEEN596 and UBC Sustainability Scholars project has evaluated a number of standards, technologies and methods for new home construction in the remote communities of the Great Bear Initiative Coastal First Nations in British Columbia. Current home construction in these communities does not address a number of technical, social, economic and cultural needs. The key issues to be addressed in new home construction, and the recommended solutions proposed in this study are summarized below: Existing Housing Issue Solutions for New Housing Issue #1: Water Leakage • Rainscreening and Pooling • Covered entryways and steel doors • Effective gutters and eavestroughs • Weatherproof building envelope • Sealed ducts and other openings • Graded site and well-drained foundation • Sufficient ventilation Issue #2: Mould • Elimination of basement or crawlspace • Airtight building envelope • Mechanical ventilation • Heat pump or forced air heating • Mould-resistant drywall, insulation and paint Issue #3: Cold and Drafty • Airtight building envelope Spaces • Slab on grade foundation • Heat recovery ventilation • Heat pump or forced air heating Issue #4: Inadequate • Passive solar design Gathering Space • Open floor plans • Flexible common areas Issue #5: Food • Larger kitchens and pantries Preparation and Storage • Outdoor preparation facilities for fish and game • Adequate ventilation for cooking areas • Canning rooms or smokehouses if desired Issue #6: Energy Efficiency • Passive solar design + triple glazed windows and Sustainability • Advanced framing techniques • Extensive use of insulation • Airtight building envelope • Sealed ducts and other openings • Heat pump space heating + advanced controls • LED lighting and energy efficient appliances • Use of recycled or sustainable materials • Heat recovery ventilation Issue #7: Affordability • Use of affordable insulation materials • Minimizing shipping to remote communities • Passive solar design • Airtight building envelope Issue #8: Local Capacity • Use of locally available material when possible and Materials • Use of local labour and expertise when possible 2 Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 Project Mentor ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Data and Methods ........................................................................................................................................ 7 Context ......................................................................................................................................................... 8 Energy Efficiency in the Great Bear Communities ................................................................................... 8 Meeting Community Needs ..................................................................................................................... 9 Baseline ...................................................................................................................................................... 10 Issues with Existing Homes .................................................................................................................... 10 Issue #1: Water Leakage and Pooling ................................................................................................ 10 Issue #2: Mould ................................................................................................................................. 10 Issue #3: Cold and Drafty Spaces ....................................................................................................... 10 Issue #4: Inadequate Gathering Space .............................................................................................. 11 Issue #5: Food Preparation and Storage ............................................................................................ 11 Issue #6: Energy Efficiency and Sustainability ................................................................................... 11 Issue #7: Affordability ........................................................................................................................ 11 Issue #8: Local Capacity and Materials .............................................................................................. 11 Baseline Energy Consumption ............................................................................................................... 12 Green Building Standards ........................................................................................................................... 14 Efficiency Standards in BC ...................................................................................................................... 14 EnerGuide .......................................................................................................................................... 14 ENERGY STAR® for New Homes ......................................................................................................... 15 R-2000 ............................................................................................................................................... 15 Passive House (Passivhaus) ............................................................................................................... 15 Net Zero Ready (CHBA) ...................................................................................................................... 16 LEED Canada for Homes .................................................................................................................... 16 BUILT GREEN® BC .............................................................................................................................. 17 Power Smart New Homes .................................................................................................................. 17 Benchmark Standards for Coastal BC ..................................................................................................... 17 The House as a System ............................................................................................................................... 19 Home Energy Breakdown ...................................................................................................................... 19 Performance Targets ............................................................................................................................. 20 Climate ....................................................................................................................................................... 21 Background ............................................................................................................................................ 21 Key Considerations for Coastal Homes .................................................................................................. 25 Mould ................................................................................................................................................ 25 Climate Change .................................................................................................................................. 25 Extreme Wind .................................................................................................................................... 26 Site Selection and Passive Solar Design ...................................................................................................... 27 Site Selection .......................................................................................................................................... 27 Passive Solar Basics ................................................................................................................................ 27 Thermal Mass ......................................................................................................................................... 28 Key Considerations for Coastal Homes .................................................................................................. 29 Performance Targets ............................................................................................................................. 30 3 Technology Comparison ........................................................................................................................ 31 Meeting Community Needs ................................................................................................................... 32 Foundation and Frame ............................................................................................................................... 33 Foundations ........................................................................................................................................... 33 Crawlspaces ......................................................................................................................................