STUDENTS ON THE COLD WAR New findings and interpretations Edited by Csaba Békés and Melinda Kalmár STUDENTS ON THE COLD WAR New findings and interpretations Edited by Csaba Békés and Melinda Kalmár Cold War History Research Center – Corvinus University of Budapest Budapest, 2019 Szerkesztette: Dévényi Kinga Szerzők: Csicsmann László (Bevezető) Dévényi Kinga (Iszlám) Farkas Mária Ildikó (Japán) Lehoczki Bernadett (Latin-Amerika) Matura Tamás (Kína) Renner Zsuzsanna (India) Sz. Bíró Zoltán (Oroszország) Szombathy Zoltán (Afrika) Zsinka László (Nyugat-Európa, Észak-Amerika) Zsom Dóra (Judaizmus) Térképek: Varga Ágnes Tördelés:Editors Jeney László Csaba BÉKÉS and Melinda KALMÁR A kötetben szereplő domborzati térképek a Maps Assistant editors for Free (https://maps-for-free.com/) szabad Laura Chiara CECCHI, Jennifer LOY, Lucia PERESZLÉNYI,felhasználású Valeria PUGA, térképek, a többi térkép az ArcGIS for Tsotne TCHANTURIA, Márton TŐKE Desktop 10.0 szoftverben elérhető Shaded Relief alaptérkép felhasználásával készültek. Editorial assistance Dionysios DRAGONAS, Joelle ERICKSON, Laura GOUSHA, Illaria LA TORRE, James MARINO,Lektor: Evangeline MOORE, StefanRostoványi TELLE Zsolt (nyomtatott könyv) ChaptersISBN 4, 5, 978-963-503-690-5 6 were supported by the National Research, DevelopmentISBN 978-963-503-691-2 and Innovation Office – NKFIH (on-line) (#120183) Borítókép: Google Earth, 2018. ISBN 978-963-503-764-3 ISBN (e-book) 978-963-503-765-0 A képfelvételeket készítette: Bagi Judit, Csicsmann László, Dévényi Kinga, Farkas Mária Ildikó, Iványi L. Máté, Muhammad Hafiz, Pór Andrea, Renner Zsuzsanna, Sárközy Miklós, Szombathy Zoltán, Tóth Erika. A szabad felhasználású képek forrását lásd az egyes illusztrációknál. Külön köszönet az MTA Könyvtár Keleti Gyűjteményének This book was published according to thea cooperationkéziratos ol dalakagreement felhasználásának between engedélyezéséért. Corvinus University of Budapest and the Hungarian National Bank. Published in cooperationKiadó with the: EuropeanBudapesti Institute Corvinus at Columbia Egyetem University in New York A kötet megjelentetését és az alapjául szolgáló kutatást a Magyar Nemzeti Bank támogatta. Publisher: Corvinus University of Budapest Printed: Komáromi Printing and Publishing LTD Leader in charge: Ferenc János Kovács executive director CONTENTS Foreword Csaba Békés ....................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 1: Explaining the Cold War, Debates and Representations Cold War or not? The Institute of World Economy and Politics and the Soviet foreign policy (1943 – 1948) Andrea Borelli .................................................................................................13 The logic of force: Henry Kissinger’s PhD Dissertation about the Sense of Insecurity and the Origins of the Cold War Sara Roda .......................................................................................................23 Cold War Representations in US Museums Jula Danylow ..................................................................................................37 CHAPTER 2: The nuclear raison d’état: Rearmament and disarmament The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Triangulated Vision Kate Levchuk ..................................................................................................49 Top Secret Soviet and Hungarian Plans for Pre-emting NATO – USA Unexpected Nuclear Strikes Rita Paroda .....................................................................................................79 Nuclear Madness: What was Special about the Brazil – Germany Nuclear Agreement of 1975? Thomas Kollmann ...........................................................................................85 Ingredients to the 1983 War Scare: Did Operation Able Archer 83 get us Close to World War III? Gábor Vörös ...................................................................................................95 Pacifism and Reality: Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution Levente Szabó ..............................................................................................113 CHAPTER 3: The Eastern Bloc at the Crossroads: Resistance, Negotiation and Conflict The Importance of Internal Dynamics in the Eastern Bloc Diego Benedetti ............................................................................................123 Possibility or Necessity? Hungary’s Road to IMF membership Ágnes Remete ..............................................................................................138 Armed Anti-Communist Resistance in Slovenia 1945–50 Oskar Mulej ..................................................................................................153 The Armenian Genocide in Soviet Armenian Collective Memory Éva Merenics ................................................................................................165 CHAPTER 4: Exporting the Cold War: Diplomacy, Pragmatism and Interventionism Between Economic Interests and Cold War motives – German activities in the Central African Region during the Second Scramble for Africa Torben Gülstorff ............................................................................................183 “Friends” with Benefits Relations between Hungary and countries of the Middle East during the Cold War Dániel Vékony ...............................................................................................201 Broadening the Limits: Austrian Foreign Policy under Four Power Occupation Dóra Hórváth ................................................................................................210 CHAPTER 5: Soft Power, Propaganda and Socio-Cultural Effects Psychological Warfare and Soft Power: a State of Total War Fatima Dar ....................................................................................................227 Cold War Propaganda: the Case of the Italian Communist Party in the 1956 Hungarian Crisis Aniello Verde .................................................................................................235 Bursting the Savior Myth: Intellectual Backlash against Radio Free Europe Adriana Popa ................................................................................................248 A Penny for Every Word: Radio Free Europe’s Call for “Truth Dollars” Monique Kil ..................................................................................................259 The 1957 Moscow Youth Festival and the Hungarian Delegation Orsolya Pósfai ..............................................................................................275 The Soviet Western, 1964–1982: Sovietising Hollywood Christian Amos .............................................................................................295 Spies, Stars and Stripes: How the 1960’s Cold War Made Russians Likeable in Star Trek and The Man from UNCLE Thalia Ertman ...............................................................................................325 CHAPTER 6: Post-Cold War Dilemmas: Transitions, Realignments and New Agendas Mind the Gap: Rebuilding the US – Russian Space Bridge in the Post-Cold War Era Tinatin Japaridze ..........................................................................................345 Hybrid Regimes: Stuck in Transition or Fully-fledged Regimes? A Comparative Study with Special Reference to Russia and Iran Matteo De Simone ........................................................................................357 Getting Our Money’s Worth: the Impact of US Aid on Democratization in Ukraine Thomas Alexander Gillis ...............................................................................372 Hungarian Neighborhood Policy towards Romania from 1989 Virág Zsár .....................................................................................................380 The Independence of Estonia and the Russian-speaking Minority Roland Papp .................................................................................................401 From Conflict to Cautious Embrace: Sino–Russian Relations after the Cold War Joseph Larsen ..............................................................................................407 Darwinian Superpower: “Can the Chinese Communist Party Adapt to the Pressures of China’s Domestic Reforms?” Jonathon Mark Woodruff ..............................................................................421 Unlocking the Environmental Debate in the post-Cold War Era: the Case of Global Governance of Ocean Acidification Gáspár Békés ...............................................................................................446 List of Contributors ....................................................................................460 Appendix The programs of the Annual International Student Conferences of the Cold War History Research Center at Corvinus University of Budapest, 2010–2016 .................................................................................461 FOREWORD 9 FOREWORD The Cold War History Research Center was established in December 1998, as the first scholarly institution founded as a non-profit organization in East Central Europe. The Center is specialized in historical research in the Cold War era, focusing on the former Soviet Bloc. From the outset the Center has been contributing to the flourishing of the “new Cold War history” aimed at trans- forming the previous one-sided approach based primarily on Western sources, finally into a really international discipline through the systematic exploration of the once top secret