INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SCOTTISH STUDIES ISSN 1923-5755 E-ISSN 1923-5763 EDITOR H. Parker, University of Guelph ASSISTANT EDITORS C. Holton, University of Guelph A. Glaze, University of Guelph REVIEW EDITORS M. Toledo Candelaria, University of Guelph A. Webb, University of Waterloo EDITORIAL BOARD M. Brown, University of Aberdeen G. Carruthers, University of Glasgow L. Davis, Simon Fraser University E. L. Ewan, University of Guelph D. Fischlin, University of Guelph J. Fraser, University of Edinburgh K. J. James, University of Guelph L. L. Mahood, University of Guelph A. McCarthy, University of Otago M. Penman, University of Stirling R. B. Sher, New Jersey Institute of Technology The Editors assume no responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by contributors. All contents are © copyrighted by the International Review of Scottish Studies and/or their author, 2014 Book printing by Stewart Publishing & Printing Markham, Ontario • 905-294-4389 [email protected] • www.stewartbooks.com SUBMISSION OF ARTICLES FOR PUBLICATION This is a peer-reviewed journal. All manuscripts, including endnotes, captions, pictures and supplementary information should be submitted electronically through the journal's website (where all back issues can be accessed): www.irss.uoguelph.ca Submission guidelines and stylistic conventions are also to be found there. Manuscripts should be a maximum of 8000 words in length although shorter papers will also be considered. Contributors are requested to provide their title, institutional affiliation and current appointment. Book Reviews and Review Essays should be submitted electronically at: www.irss.uoguelph.ca To contact the editor: The Editor, International Review of Scottish Studies Centre for Scottish Studies Dept. of History, University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 Email: [email protected] SUBSCRIPTION AND MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION Individuals interested in the history and culture of Scotland and the decisive influence of the Scots in North America are invited to join the educational charity The Scottish Studies Foundation. Membership is $20.00 per annum and includes subscription to the International Review of Scottish Studies. Payment may be made online at www.scottishstudies.com or please make cheques or money orders payable in Canadian funds to The Scottish Studies Foundation and send to: Membership Secretary The Scottish Studies Foundation, P.O. Box 45069, 2482 Yonge Street Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4P 3E3 The Scottish Studies Foundation: www.scottishstudies.com Centre for Scottish Studies: www.uoguelph.ca/scottish International Review of Scottish Studies: www.irss.uoguelph.ca ARTICLES Of Goats and Men: A Literary Relic of Gaelic Ontario…………...1 By Michael Newton Militia Chieftains: Profiling the Founders of Canada’s Scottish Regiments………………………………………………………...27 By Patrick Watt “Many Different Voices and Accents”—Cosmopolitan Time-Travel in Catherine Forde’s Think Me Back……………….55 By Fiona McCulloch John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute: Image and Counter Image in Hanoverian Studies……………………………………………….81 By Karl W. Schweizer The Tie that Binds: Popular Imperialism and the Australian Scottish Delegation of 1928……………………………………..107 By Benjamin Wilkie REVIEWS Jeremy Smith, Older Scots: A Linguistic Reader……………….137 By Kylie Murray Nigel Bryant, trans., The True Chronicles of Jean le Bel, 1290- 1360……………………………………………………………..140 By Andy King Dan Embree, et al., eds., Short Scottish Prose Chronicles……...143 By Elizabeth Ewan Mairi Cowan, Death, Life, and Religious Change in Scottish Towns, c. 1350-1560…………………………………………….146 By Eila Williamson J. R. D. Falconer, Crime and Community in Reformation Scotland ………………………………………………………...149 By Julian Goodare John Durkan, Scottish Schools and Schoolmasters, 1560-1633……………………………………………………….152 By Andrew Webb Rev. Duncan Blair, et al., Fògradh, Fàisneachd, Filidheachd / Parting, Prophecy, Poetry………………………..154 By Michael Newton Esther Breitenback, et al., Scottish Women: A Documentary History, 1780-1914……………………………………………...157 By Katie Barclay Brad Patterson, et al., Unpacking the Kist: The Scots in New Zealand…………………………………………………….160 By Seán Brosnahan Andrew Blaikie, The Scots Imagination and Modern Memory………………………………………………………….163 By Anna Groundwater John Flint and John Kelly, eds., Bigotry, Football and Scotland ………………………………………………………...166 By Jessica Homberg-Schramm Trish Reid, Theatre & Scotland…………………………………168 By Joanne Zerdy Sarah Dunnigan and Suzanne Gilbert, eds., The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Traditional Literatures…………………171 By Rhona Brown Gerry Mooner and Gill Scott, Social Justice and Social Policy in Scotland…………………………………………………………175 By Morag C. Treanor Ian McLean, et al., Scotland’s Choices: The Referendum and What Happens Afterwards…………………………………………….178 By George Peden The Frank Watson Book Prize in Scottish History……………...181 Michael Newton IRSS 39 (2014) 1 OF GOATS AND MEN: A LITERARY RELIC OF GAELIC ONTARIO Michael Newton* The settlement of Scottish Gaels that began after the American Revolution in the far eastern corner of Ontario known historically as Glengarry County has long been the subject of popular and scholarly commentary.1 Despite the promising start made by the late Professor Charles Dunn of Harvard University from the 1940s through 1960s to record, edit, analyze and publish the Gaelic oral traditions of Canada,2 including those of Glengarry, only a very small number of texts from the Highland communities of Ontario have been given a thorough treatment as either historical evidence or literature. The following poem is one of the longest surviving Scottish Gaelic poems composed in Canada.3 It does not seem to have * Dr. Michael Newton was awarded a Ph.D. in Celtic Studies from the University of Edinburgh in 1998 and has written several books and numerous articles on many aspects of Highland culture and history in Scotland and North America. In 2014 the Scottish Heritage Centre of Laurinburg, North Carolina presented him with the Saltire Award for his 'outstanding contributions to the preservation and interpretation of Scottish history and culture' and he is currently the Technical Lead in the Digital Innovation Lab at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. An early draft of this paper was presented as the seminar text at the 2013 annual conference of the Celtic Studies Association of North America. I wish to thank David Anderson of Williamstown for finding information about the poet and passing it along to me, and an anonymous reviewer of the article who provided a great deal of valuable information and advice about difficult aspects of, and mistakes in, the original Gaelic text. I particularly wish to express my gratitude to the late Kenneth McKenna for providing me copies of Gaelic materials from Glengarry and the encouragement to look into them; this article is dedicated to his memory. 2 Of Goats and Men received any previous scholarly notice. It is framed as a dialogue between the poet and a goat who meet in a Gaelic township in Ontario and engage in a long discussion about life in the old Highlands.4 This dialogue provides interesting insight into the perceptions of Highland immigrants in Canada about their past and present, as refracted through Gaelic literary tradition. Song-poems are arguably the most popular form of personal and cultural expression in Scottish Gaelic communities and constitute one of the most important means of recovering and understanding the mentalities and communal experiences of Gaels in North America: Until recently, songs were constantly present in the lives of people. The occasions for singing were so numerous that Gaelic song—and the social and affective content of the verses—has over generations inevitably made up a large part of the inner verbal dialogue among many traditional Gaels.5 The song-poem edited, translated and analyzed in this article was likely one of those performed by Gaelic speakers in Glengarry at céilidhs and other social gatherings. In fact, the poem itself alludes to the convivial sharing of oral tradition along with alcohol such as might happen at a house or tavern (lines 45-52). That the song was enjoyed by others in Glengarry is also confirmed by its appearance in a local newspaper. Source and Author This song-poem was composed by Alasdair MacGilleMhaoil (Alasdair mac Eóghainn mhic Ghill-Easbuig mhic Domhnaill Duinn). His father belonged to the branch of Lochaber MacMillans known as Clann Iain Léith na Coille; his mother, Eamhair NicGilleMhaoil (Eamhair nighean Gill-Easbuig mhic Eóghainn mhic Dhomhnaill Mhóir) belonged to Suaineart (anglicized “Sunart”).6 Alasdair was born in 1764 in Reisibol, Suaineart but was raised in Lochaber from a young age. In 1802 he left Gleann Cinnidh (anglicized “Glenkingie”) in Lochaber for Gleann Garadh7 (Glengarry), Ontario, with many others of the region. He lived at Michael Newton IRSS 39 (2014) 3 E1/2 of lot 10-8th in Kenyon Township8 until he passed away in 1853. I have two sources for the text of this song-poem. The first is an extremely rare booklet entitled Òrain le Alasdair MacIlleMhaoil an Gleann a Garaidh, an Canada-Ard printed in Inverness (Scotland) by the Highlander Office in 1882.9 The original copy of the booklet suffered some damage and the print is sometimes hard to read. In the photocopy of the booklet that I have, several words have been marked out and alternative words written near them. There are a total of eight poems on the fifteen pages of the booklet, and all text in the booklet is in Gaelic with