The Geomorphological Effects of Old Routes EGU2017 No. 6371 Jan Martínek ([email protected]), Michal Bíl ([email protected]) / CDV – Transport Research Centre, Brno, Czech Republic Recommended methods and procedures in the research of old roads 7A 7B 7C 7) LAND SURVEYING – Identification of old 10 roads in forest landscapes: POLAND A) A gully created by the erosion of a sunken GERMANY lane (with a depth of approximately 10 m) found near Cetkovice, on the route running from the Prostějov region to the centre of Malá Haná. GERMANY Fig.11 B) A deep sunken lane at Vanovice 7D 7E 7F (with a depth of approximately 5 m). • Old routes present an abandoned communication network used up to the Middle Ages. AKIA • Distinct remnants of paths can be found, particularly in forested areas, in form of holloways – moderate to deeply incised linear erosional forms. AUSTRIA C) Sunken lane cluster near Seč. SLOV • The complete network is nowadays being discovered using LiDAR and field mapping. • Old routes quite often interact with landslides, streams or old human constructions. D) Sunken lane cluster by Ptení. E) Sunken lane cluster near Bílsko on the Olomouc – Bouzov route. Examples of old paths: 1A 1B 3A 3B F) Sunken lane cluster near Bezděkov. MEDIEVAL 1) A group of parallel holloways which were transformed MEDIEVAL HOLLOWAYS WALLS 8) AERIAL SURVEYING 8A 8B into an erosional ravine. RAVINE 2) A slightly visible remnant of a holloway, which was filled Identification of buried road structures in oblique aerial photographs up to allow land cultivation. HOLLOWAYS using vegetation indicators: 3) A rampart of an old settlement built across the A) The merging of two clusters of buried sunken lanes at the Žlebce site holloways. The village was provably abandoned during the near the village of Kovářov on the historical road of Olomouc – Bouzov. 14th century. The holloways were therefore formed earlier. B) A former crossroads near the village of Luká. One of the roads branched 4) An example of temporal stability of a general 2A 2B 4A 4B IMPERIAL ROAD IN THE off toward the limestone mining area near Březina, which also corresponds transportation direction between Moravia and Bohemia. MID-18TH CENTURY MODERN to the crossroads toponym Na Vápeničkách. 8C 8D The recent road (I/35) maintains the same direction as the CLASS 1 ROAD, R35 C) Significant indicator of a defunct road that merges smoothly groups of the oldest routes. REMNANT OF HOLLOWAYS onto Žadlovická Street in Loštice. (A: Basic maps ČR 1 : 10 000, B: LiDAR hillshade) Identification of buried road structures on oblique aerial photographs using land, spatial, shadow, and snow indicators: THE OLDEST HOLLOWAYS D) Verification of road routes using spatial indicators at the Slavětín cadaster. Figure depicts a spatial indicator discernible at the transverse-running 8E 8F field road, which is visibly sunken in the area of the filled-in sunken lanes. Also visible in the section marked by the yellow dots is the sunken lane 5) Ješov site: 6 from shadow indicators. • An unique example of stream capture due to human-induced incision after a holloway formation. E) Identification of buried road structures using land indicators • An abandoned stream bed is currently up to 2 meters above the active one. HOLLOWAYS near Senice na Hané. • The bed of the originally narrow an straight holloway is gradually becoming curved due to the recent stream dynamics D' MILITARY FORMS • This discovery would not be possible without the LiDAR data. F) Delineating roads using snow indicators in a section near the village of Ješov. Historical roads (A: Basic maps ČR 1 : 10 000, B: LiDAR hillshade, C: Map of the Stable Cadaster) This is the same site as the one in Figure 8D. between Bohemia HOLLOWAYS HOLLOWAYS and Moravia 9A 9B 9C 9D 9E 5A 5B 5C D SECTION D-D' C B A 455 m n.m. HOLLOWAYS 450 holloways military fortification C' B' wall A' 9F 9G 9H 9I 9J Fig.10 445 ditch holloways holloway MILITARY FORMS holloway 440 wall holloways SECTION A-A' SECTION B-B' SECTION C-C' TRANSPORTATION ditch 435 FORMS 455 455 455 m n.m. m n.m. m n.m. ERODED MATERIAL INITIAL 450 WITH 450 450 SURF A 445 HOLLOW 445 445 0 50 100 150 200 250 m ACE ABANDONED 9K 9L 9M 9N 9O 440 STREAM 440 440 AY BED 6) Model: An erosional effect of the old paths can be 435 435 435 CURRENT quantified. A precise DEM is used to reconstruct the STREAM 430 BED 430 430 ERODED MATERIAL former surface. Mathematical methods are applied to 0 50 100 150 200 250 m 0 50 100 150 200 250 m 0 50 100 150 200 250 m compute the eroded material. 11 10) AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING (LiDAR) Identification of sunken lane road clusters in forest landscapes: 9) METHODS OF ROAD RELICT DATING – Archaeological investigation using metal detectors: Prehistoric (A – E) and medieval (F – O) finds from sunken lanes. © D. Vích. A common sign of these road systems is their convergence at a single place, most likely the location of distinct orientational features A) Bronze headband "Kronenhalsring", Nordic import – Iron Age, 3rd to 1st century BC. B) Bronze spur – Roman Age, 2nd to 3rd century. C) Gold Solidus such as tall trees, sacred structures, feudal settlements, etc. (A). Still visible today are solitary deciduous trees in spruce of Valentinianus III., Avers – Migration Period, 425–455. D) Bronze spear tip – Bronze Age , 1900 to 750 BC. E) Bronze needle – Early to Middle Bronze monocultures at locations where the sunken lanes converge. The direction of sunken lanes may also be influenced by the proximity Age, 1800 to 1600 BC. F) Arrow – Early Middle Ages, 7th to 8th century. G) The Tip of the Blade – Early Middle Ages. H) Thorned Mace – High Middle Ages, of certain obstacles (B) or a change in the land use (C). In some instances, sunken lanes were eliminated when new fields were 13th to 15th century. I) Hoard of Prague groschen of Karol IV., Avers – High Middle Ages, 1346–1378. J) Bell with Clapper – Roman Age to Modern times. established (D), during the construction of ponds (E), etc. Surface water erosion may reshape these buried road forms over time (F). K) Spur with Spike – Early Middle Ages and Late Hillfort Period, 12th to 13th century. L) Asymmetrical Caliper – High Middle Ages to Modern times, 15th to By studying the results of aerial laser scanning, it is also possible to discern in select areas sunken lane clusters that cannot be visually 17th century. M) Spur – High Middle Ages, 13th to 14th century. N,O) Horseshoe – High Middle Ages, 13th to 15th century. detected in the field. The viewed area is located 2 km west of Náměsť na Hané. © CDV – Transport Research Centre, This work was produced within the programme of applied research and development of national and cultural identity (NAKI II) no. DG16P02R031 Department of Geoinformatics, 2017 (Moravian Crossroads) and the research infrastructure acquired from the Operation Contact: [email protected] Programme Research and Development for Innovations (CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0064)..