JAPAN Shining A Light On the Land of the Rising Sun Le Japon Éclairant le Pays du Soleil Levant MATZ THEW P. FARRELL & KELLY LUI Japan: Shining A Light On the Land of the Rising Sun Proceedings & Essays of the 20th Annual Glendon College International Studies Symposium Le Japon: Éclairant le Pays du Soleil Levant Actes de Colloque & Dissertations du 20ième Symposium Annuel des Études Internationales du Collège Glendon Edited By ~ Édité Par MATTHEW FARRELL & KELLY LUI Japan: Shining A Light On the Land of the Rising Sun Proceedings & Essays of the 20th Annual Glendon College International Studies Symposium Le Japon: Éclairant le Pays du Soleil Levant Actes de Colloque & Dissertations du 20ième Symposium Annuel des Études Internationales du Collège Glendon Copyright © 2016 Independent Study Committee on Japan 2275 Bayview Avenue Toronto, ON M4N 3M6 [email protected] ISBN: 978-0-9949039-0-7 (Paperback) ISBN: 978-0-9949039-1-4 (EBook) Second Edition All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written consent of the Independent Study Committee on Japan. The views expressed in this book are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Independent Study Committee on Japan and/or the editors. Printed in Canada The Independent Study Committee on Japan: Andrea DaSilva Matthew Farrell Kelly Lui Odmaa Sod-Erdene Alexandra Welsh Editor-in-Chief: Matthew Farrell Associate Editor: Kelly Lui Contents Acknowledgements and Thanks …ix Remerciements …xi Foreword …xiii Préface …xvii History and Memory: Japanese Communities during World War Two La Détention de la Minorité Japonaise en …3 Amérique du Nord Durant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale Greg Robinson My Experiences During the Second World War …17 Frank Moritsugu The End of Belligerence …35 Alexandra Welsh The Economy Under Abe and Looking Ahead: Economy, Business, & Technology Abenomics and Japan’s Re-Emergence …51 Bernard Wolf The Toyota Way …59 John-Paul Farag Under-acknowledged Heroines of the Japanese …71 Economic Miracle Odmaa Sod-Erdene Post-growth Japan and Its Domestic Policies Abenomics, Succès ou Échec? …91 Bernard Bernier Education and Educational Policy in Post- …103 Growth Japan Julian Dierkes Understanding the Ainu Identity …115 Kelly Lui Pop Culture and Identity: Anime, Angura, and Japanese Abroad The Cultural Odor of Astro Boy …137 Sandra Annett Anime アニメ and Popular Culture …150 Jay Goulding Marie-Antoinette, Latex and Hegemony: The …177 Lolita and Angura Community in Tokyo Akane D’Orangeville Identity Formation amongst Japanese …190 Canadians Andrea DaSilva Japanese-Brazilian Return Migration: Unmet …205 Expectations Alexandra Pullano Japan and the World: Politics and Diplomacy Why Do the Neighbours Fear a ‘Normal’ …231 Japan? David Welch Japan: Still a First Tier Nation …240 Donald Campbell From Meiji to Modern: Information Flows …250 between Japan and the West from 1853 to 2015 Matthew P. Farrell Annex/Annexe Glossary/Glossaire …269 Contributors’ Profiles/Les Contributeurs …289 Symposium Agenda/Programme du …299 Symposium Population Charts/Pyramides et Chartes …307 des Âges Acknowledgements The International Study Committee on Japan greatly appreciates the assistance of the following individuals and groups, without whose support and hard work the realization of this project would not have been possible: First, we would like to thank the academics and experts who contributed to this volume: Dr. Sandra Annett, Dr. Bernard Bernier, Mr. Donald Campbell, Dr. Julian Dierkes, Ms. Akané D’Orangeville, Mr. John-Paul Farag, Dr. Jay Goulding, Mr. Frank Moritsugu, Dr. Greg Robinson, Dr. David Welch, and Dr. Bernard Wolf. Without your contributions this book would not exist. It has been a pleasure to learn about the broad range of topics covered in each of the presentations and essays you have provided. Our thanks likewise to the student authors who contributed to this volume. Thanks also to the other panelists and moderators who were present at the Symposium event: Dr. Richard Beason, Ms. Catherine Ishino, Dr. Jacob Kovalio, Dr. Awalou Ouedraogo, Dr. Cary Takagaki, Dr. Yukari Takai, Dr. James Tiessen, and Dr. Lorna Wright. It was a pleasure working with you and your participation truly made the Symposium come to life. We would also like to acknowledge Palgrave Macmillan for allowing us to reprint an excerpt from Anime Fan Communities: Transcultural Flows and Frictions by Dr. Annett, Mr. Kelvin Lui for providing us with amazing photos of Japan for use throughout the volume, and the York Centre for Asian Research for helping us to make this text freely available. Lastly, we would like to thank all those who supported us throughout this endeavour, from the preparation of the Symposium through to the publication of this book. Without such support, this project would not have been possible. ix Remerciements Nous apprécions l’assistance de tous les individus et organisations qui suivent. Sans leur effort et support ce projet n’aurait jamais pu être réalisé: Tout d’abord, nous voudrions remercier tous les académiques et experts qui ont contribué à ce texte: Dr. Sandra Annett, Dr. Bernard Bernier, M. Donald Campbell, Dr. Julian Dierkes, Mme. Akané D’Orangeville, Mr. John-Paul Farag, Dr. Jay Goulding, M. Frank Moritsugu, Dr. Greg Robinson, Dr. David Welch, et Dr. Bernard Wolf. Sans vos contributions, ce livre serait toujours une idée et non pas une réalité. C’était une plaisir d’apprendre sur la variété de sujets qui sont adressés dans vos présentations et dissertations. Nous remercions aussi les étudiants qui ont contribué à ce projet. Nos remerciements en plus aux autres panélistes et modérateurs qui sont venus au Symposium: Dr. Richard Beason, Mme. Catherine Ishino, Dr. Jacob Kovalio, Dr. Awalou Ouedraogo, Dr. Cary Takagaki, Dr. Yukari Takai, Dr. James Tiessen, et Dr. Lorna Wright. C’était une plaisir de collaborer avec vous pendant l’année et votre participation a vraiment animé le Symposium. Nous voudrions reconnaître aussi Palgrave Macmillan, qui nous a permis d’inclure ici un extrait de Anime Fan Communities: Transcultural Flows and Frictions écrit par Dr. Annett, M. Kelvin Lui, pour les photos du Japon qui se trouvent dans ce livre, et le York Centre for Asian Research, qui nous a aidé avec la distribution libre et gratuite de ce texte. Enfin, nous tenons à remercier tous ceux qui nous ont aidé pendant ce processus, de la préparation du Symposium jusqu’à la publication de ce livre. Sans ce support, la réalisation de ce projet n’aurait pas été possible. xi Foreword Matthew P. Farrell The tradition of the International Studies Symposium at Glendon College began in 1995, when a group of highly motivated International Studies students came together with a desire to push beyond the bounds of classwork and venture into the realm of experiential learning. Since then, senior International Studies students at Glendon College have continued to show their high calibre, carrying on the tradition of independently funding, organizing, and promoting symposia which focus on various countries and regions of the World. The inaugural year of the Symposium focused on Cuba (1995-1996), followed by China (1996-1997), South Africa (1997-1998), the European Union (1998- 1999), the Middle East (1999-2000), South East Asia (2000-2001), Brazil (2001-2002), Russia (2002-2003), India (2003-2004), The Great Lakes Regions of Central Africa (2004-2005), Mexico (2005-2006), Turkey (2006- 2007), Egypt (2007-2008), Venezuela (2008-2009), Iran (2009-2010), Hispaniola (2010-2011), Germany (2011- 2012), the Korean Peninsula (2012-2013), The United States of America (2013-2014) and, in 2015, on the 20th Anniversary, Japan. The Independent Study Committee on Japan, composed of some of the student organizers of the Symposium, is pleased to present this publication, Japan: Shining a Light on the Land of the Rising Sun, which contains a collection of transcripts and essays by some of the distinguished specialists who participated in the Symposium that was held on March 30, 2015 at Glendon College, as well as essays written by some of the student organizers of the event. We hope that these collected works will not only prove stimulating to those who have a pre-existing interest in Japan, but also eye- Foreword opening for those who do not. Most of all, we hope that through this text, we are able to share the passion and knowledge of all those who contributed to the Symposium and to this project. Japan was chosen as the focus of study for many reasons. Its extensive history, culture, and reputation for innovation are only a few of these. Other considerations include Japan’s rapid rise to prominence on the World stage in the twentieth century, only decades after rescinding the policy of isolation by which it had kept itself secluded for hundreds of years. Following this change, Japan quickly transformed from a feudal society to an industrialized nation, all the while maintaining its singular traditions and unique institutions. This inimitable situation (who would think that the oldest hereditary monarchy in the World, headed by the only reigning Emperor, would be hailed for its progressive society and technological prowess?) was yet another factor which motivated the choice of Japan for the Symposium. In this text, many aspects of Japan are discussed. The first section, “History and Memory: Japanese Communities during World War Two,” exposes the situation of Japanese migrants in Canada and the United States during and after the war and looks at the impact of the post-war Constitution of Japan in molding Japan into a pacifistic nation. In “The Economy Under Abe and Looking Ahead: Economy, Business, and Technology,” the question of economics is considered at three levels; the nation, specific companies, and workers themselves. The next section, “Post-growth Japan and Its Domestic Policies,” is perhaps the most diverse section of this volume, tackling domestic economics, education, and the indigenous population of Japan.