Key Words, Week 1: Key Individuals, Week 2: History, Y9 T1b: Norman Consolidation of Power Revolt A rebellion against the ruler of a country William the Norman king of England, ruled from 1066 (those rebelling are known as rebels). Conqueror to 1087. Level: Grade 5 (compulsory) Regent A trusted advisor to the king that was allowed Edwin and Morcar Anglo-Saxon earls of Mercia and to run the country while he was absent. Northumbria. Submitted in 1066, but later Key dates, Week 3: th Motte and A castle which was easy to build, used by the rebelled multiple times. 25 Dec William crowned king at Westminster bailey Normans to control England soon after the Edgar Atheling An Anglo-Saxon claimant to the throne. 1066 Abbey. Conquest. Allied with the Scots and the Danes to Aug A major rebellion in the north, led by Landholder The person that lives on the land, effectively fight William. 1068 Edwin and Morcar. renting it from the king. Robert de A Norman earl, given the job of subduing Jan 1069 Robert de Comines was burned to death Landowner The person who actually owns the land. After Comines Northumbria. Burned to death by rebels. by rebels in Durham. 1066, the king was the only landowner in Hereward the An Anglo-Saxon thegn and rebel who took Sept The Danes invaded and supported the England. Wake Ely. 1069 Anglo-Saxon rebellion, led by Edgar. Tenure The process by which you held land from the William fitzOsbern Loyal followers of William and his regents Oct 1069 William paid off the Danes and defeated king. You didn’t own it, but could use it to live and Odo of in 1067. (Earl of Hereford and Earl of the rebels. on and grow crops. Bayeux Kent). Nov The Harrying of the North, lasted into Vassals In return for renting land, a vassal had to pay Ralph de Gael, Three earls that rebelled against William 1069 early 1070. taxes and provide military service for their Roger de Breteuil, in 1075. Ralph and Roger were Normans, 1070 Hereward the Wake joined forces with lord. Waltheof Waltheof was Anglo-Saxon. the Danes, taking Ely. Brutality Doing something in an unnecessary cruel or Lanfranc Archbishop of Canterbury and regent for 1075 The Earls’ Revolt – Roger, Ralph and violent way. The Harrying of the North was William from 1070 onwards. Defeated the Waltheof rebelled against William. seen as extremely brutal. Earls’ Revolt in William’s absence. Defeated by Lanfranc. Key Events, Week 4: Maintaining Royal Power, Week 5: Reasons for the Harrying of the North, Wk 6: The March on William took his time en-route to London, burning Military Success in battle gained William London (1066) Kent and claiming the Anglo-Saxon treasury at strength legitimacy. This enabled him to defeat his Revenge The death of Robert de Comines and Winchester. enemies. thousands of Normans enraged the Submission of the Edwin and Morcar, alongside Edgar, swore oaths Legitimacy William emphasised his claim as Edward’s king. Earls (1066) to obey William as king. rightful successor. Guerrilla The rebels refused to fight William Royal William coronation secured his position. Edwin and Morcar’s Edwin and Morcar rebelled against William, warfare face-to-face, so he destroyed their ceremonies He also had ‘crown-wearing’ ceremonies. lands and forced them into surrender. Revolt (1068) however, they surrendered quickly. Coinage William minted coins, so money would Danish The Danes were threatening to invade, The Northumbrian William faced a series of rebellions in the north, carry his royal seal, demonstrating power. threat and Northumbria would be the perfect Revolt (1069) including an alliance of Anglo-Saxons and Danes. Writs William used official messages, carrying base for them to do so. The Harrying of the William’s brutal solution to the Northumbrian his seal, to send out his orders. Further The Northumbrian revolt was North (1069-70) Revolt. He murdered many people across Royal The king and his court travelled around revolts encouraging other rebellions. William Yorkshire and Northumbria, and destroyed their progress the country, reinforcing his authority. needed to make an example of the lands. Land- William owned all the land, so could take Northumbrians. The Earls’ Revolt A rebellion by three of William’s earls, designed owning the land from anyone who opposed him. Different The Northumbrians resented Norman (1075) to overthrow him. They had support from Oath- All men swore an oath to God that they tactics rule even more than the rest of Normandy’s rivals. taking would obey the king, on pain of death. England. This meant that William had to resort to extreme measures. History, Term 1b: Reasons for Earls’ Revolt, Week 7: Features of Marcher Earldoms, Week 1: Key Earls of England, Week 7: Grade 9 (optional) Loss of lands After the death of their fathers, Shire- Smaller than normal earldoms, they were Chester Hugh d’Avranches, William had reduced the lands of sized easier to control than normal earldoms. This 1071-1101 Reasons for Edwin and Roger and Ralph. also limited marcher earl’s power. East Anglia Ralph de Gael, Morcar’s Revolt, Week 4: Loss of William had introduced sheriffs into Create Marcher earls had the right to create burhs, 1068-75 Edwin’s William broke privileges the marcher earldoms, restricting towns usually a right of the king. This was to Hereford William fitzOsbern, anger the betrothal of Roger’s power. attract Norman settlers. 1067-71 his daughter to Resentment Waltheof had been forced to beg for Control Usually, the sheriffs reported to the king, Roger de Breteuil, Edwin, and mercy by William previously. over but in marcher earldoms, sheriffs worked 1071-75 reduced his Powerful The Danes and French, as well as sheriffs for the earl, giving the earl more power. Kent Odo of Bayeux, lands. allies Brittany, were all promising to attack No taxes Exemption from taxes encouraged marcher 1067-88 Morcar’s William divided William. earls to spend on new settlements and Mercia Edwin, 1060-71 anger Northumbria in William’s William was in Normandy and Lanfranc defences. Northumbria Morcar, 1065-67 half and gave absence had been left in charge of England. Castle In the rest of England, landholders had to Gospatric, 1067-68 building apply to the king for the power to build others powerful Anglo-Saxon The Earls believed that the Anglo- Robert de castles. Marcher earls were free to build as positions in support Saxons would support their rebellion Comines, 1068-69 many as possible, to defend the borders. Morcar’s lands. due to their hatred of William. Gospatric, 1070-72 Bad Odo and William Waltheof, 1072-75 Features of Castles, Week 2: Features of landholding under Normans, Week 5: regents fitzOsbern had Shrewsbury Robert de Motte A large mound of earth which was fire Forfeiture William owned all of the land – if been allowing Montgomery, proof. The keep sat on top of it. someone rebelled against him, they their men to 1071-94 Bailey Protected by the palisade, this is lost their land. pillage and plunder England where the stables and barracks would Redeem Anglo-Saxons had to pay William to be. Local people could shelter here. land retain their old land. More key words, Week 6: during the Palisade A fence made of solid timbers, which Inheritance When a landholder inherited land, Seizure Taking away land. regency. Land grabs were circled the whole castle. tax they had to pay William to keep it. Forfeit To lose something as a common. Keep A strong wooden tower which served Lack of heir If a landholder died without an heir, punishment. Castles These made it as a look-out point, or as a final line of the land would return to the king. Guerrilla Small bands attacking very clear who defence. warfare a large force by held the power Ditch Often filled with water, this made it How Anglo-Saxons lost their land, Week 5: surprise, then in England, and harder to reach the palisade. Forfeiture If anyone acted against the king, the disappearing into the Anglo-Saxon Gatehouse Controlled access to the castle, king could claim their land. William local population. homes were something had a drawbridge which would rarely grant this back to Anglo- Marcher A border area of cleared in towns could be pulled up during an attack. Saxons. earldom England, under martial to make way for New William created new earldoms to give law. them. Reasons for building castles, Week 3: earldoms to his followers, putting Anglo-Saxons Exemption Not having to pay Taxes William Strategic Used to prevent rivals from crossing under their control. something. increased the locations rivers or through hills. Land grabs Either straightforward seizures of land Bookland A gift of land which geld tax to pay Dominate Castles were built in towns and in the by the Normans, or corrupt dealings in (Anglo- could be passed on to off the territory country, and acted as the base of the shire courts. This took land away Saxon) an heir. mercenaries he Normans that were subduing England. from the Anglo-Saxons and gave it to Lease Land that has been had used at Symbol of A very visible symbol of who held the the Normans. Both were illegal. (Anglo- loaned for money for a Hastings. power power in Norman England. Saxon) set period of time. .