INTEGRATINGDISASTER MANAGEMENTAND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: FINDING THE ROLE OF NGOs IN THEPOST-ERUPTION MERAPI 2010 MASTER THESIS Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of therequirements for the Master Degree from the Institut Teknologi Bandung and the Master Degree from the Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen By: RATRI ISMAYASTI RuGS2446227 ITB: 25412061 DOUBLE MASTER DEGREE PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENTPLANNING AND INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND POLICY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING FACULTY OF SPATIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN 2014 INTEGRATINGDISASTER MANAGEMENTAND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: FINDING THE ROLE OF NGOs IN THEPOST-ERUPTION MERAPI 2010 By: RATRI ISMAYASTI RuGS2446227 ITB: 25412061 Double Master Degree Program Development Planning and Infrastructure Management School of Architecture, Planningand Policy Development Institut Teknologi Bandung And Environmental and Infrastructure Planning Faculty of Spatial Sciences University Of Groningen Approved Supervisors Date: August, 2014 Supervisor I Supervisor II (Melanie Bakema) (Dr. Saut Sagala) ii Abstract Through the concept of sustainable development, disaster management is delivered as a continuous process. Therefore, it is substantial to ensure the sustainability of the process as attempts to deal with the dynamics problems of the disaster management. As the process requires interactions among stakeholders in delivering the actions, hence a governance arrangement is substantial in the disaster management. While the governments play role as the main generator of the arrangement, this research reveals that the NGOs (Non- Governmental Organizations) play major part in supporting the disaster management process. Accordingly, this research aims to address whether the NGOs play such roles in dealing with the dynamics situation of the disaster management process. Through the lenses of sustainable development concept, this research explores the role of the NGOs in the disaster management by examining the case study of post-eruption Merapi 2010. Further, the ideal role of NGOs e.g. as bridging organizations, boundary organizations, and bargaining organizations are being challenged based on the case study. Eventually, this research concludes that the integrations of disaster management and sustainable development concepts can be formulated into two dimensions of the governance arrangement: working the disaster management in continuous and sustainable phases, andensuring the continuity of the development initiatives in the disaster management. Key words: disaster management, sustainable development, NGOs, disaster governance i Guideline for Using Thesis This unpublished master theses are registered and available in the library of the University of Groningen and Institut Teknologi Bandung, and open for public with the regulation that the copyright regulation prevailing at the University of Groningen and Institut Teknologi Bandung. References are allowed to be recorded but the quotations or summarizations can only be made with the permission from the author and with the academic research regulation for the process of writing to mention the source. Reproducing and publishing some part or whole of this thesis can be done with the permission from Director of the Master program in the University of Groningen and Institut Teknologi Bandung. ii List of Contents Abstract................................................................................................................................................................i Guideline for Using Thesis ................................................................................................................................ii List of Contents..................................................................................................................................................iii List ofFigures.....................................................................................................................................................v List ofTables......................................................................................................................................................vi List ofDiagrams................................................................................................................................................vii List of Abbreviations.......................................................................................................................................viii Chapter 1: Introduction.......................................................................................................................................1 1.1.Background....................................................................................................................................................1 1.2.Research Problems........................................................................................................................................3 1.3.Research Questions ......................................................................................................................................4 1.4.Research Aim and Objectives .......................................................................................................................4 1.5.Research Significance ...................................................................................................................................5 1.6.Research Methodology ..................................................................................................................................5 1.7. ResearchOutline ..........................................................................................................................................6 Chapter 2: SustainableDevelopment, Disaster Management, and NGOs......................................................8 2.1. Conceptualizing Sustainable Development....................................................................................................8 2.1.1. The Components ........................................................................................................................................8 2.1.2. Social Sustainability, Social Innovation, and Social Capital ........................................................................9 2.2. Disaster Management..................................................................................................................................12 2.3. Governance: the Integration of Disaster Management and Sustainable Development ................................15 2.4. The NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) ...........................................................................................16 Chapter 3: Research Methodology .................................................................................................................21 3.1. Deductive Approach.....................................................................................................................................21 3.2. Case Study Approach .................................................................................................................................22 iii 3.2.1. Field Research: In-depth Interview and Stakeholder Analysis ..................................................................24 3.2.1.1. In-depth Interview..................................................................................................................................24 3.2.1.2. Stakeholder Analysis .............................................................................................................................25 Chapter 4: Post-eruption Merapi......................................................................................................................29 4.1. Merapi and Yogyakarta................................................................................................................................29 4.2. Institutional Context of Yogyakarta...............................................................................................................31 4.3. Merapi Eruption in 2010 and theStakeholders ...........................................................................................33 Chapter 5: Analysis and Findings...................................................................................................................37 5.1. The Disaster Management of Post-eruption Merapi 2010: Strength and Limitation ....................................37 5.1.1. Emergency Response Phase: the influential Communication and Coordination.......................................39 5.1.2. Rehabilitation andReconstruction Phase: through the Perspective of Spatial and Development Planning ............................................................................................................................................................................47 5.1.3. Development Phase: Managing Resilient Community ..............................................................................51 5.1.4. SWOT Analysis of Disaster Management Eruption Merapi 2010..............................................................53 5.2. Interactions among Stakeholders: Identifying the role of NGOs ..................................................................56 5.2.1. The Interactions........................................................................................................................................56