International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development Online ISSN: 2349-4182, Print ISSN: 2349-5979, Impact Factor: RJIF 5.72 www.allsubjectjournal.com Volume 4; Issue 7; July 2017; Page No. 176-182 Impact of geographical factors on culture and cultural landscapes: An analytical study of Garhwal region 1 2 Mohan Singh Panwar, Renu 1 Associate professor, Department of Geography, H. N.B. Garhwal University Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India 2 Research Scholar, Department of Geography, H. N.B. Garhwal University Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India Abstract Human is a social animal. He lives in a society where he learns how to speak, eat and live. Every part of the earth surface is different from others which tends human group to accept such life style, food, customs and behavior that is different from others. Therefore, cultural diversity and unique cultural landscape emerge on the surface. The current research paper highlights how does Geographical factors such as landforms (mountain, plain, and deserts coastal region), climates, and natural vegetation affect the different cultures and cultural landscapes of Garhwal region. Due to the influence of geographical factors culture and cultural landscape of Garhwal region can be distinguishable from surrounding regions. An attempt has been made by the researcher that how following factors exclusively shapes cultural variations, landscapes, human actions and dynamic factors of cultural development. Geographical factors contributes drastically to cultural diversity and Cultural components. Following physical factors directly influenced to shape the culture and the cultural landscape as well. Keywords: cultural diversity, cultural landscape, physical landscape, culture 1. Introduction cuisine, social habits, music and arts. Human has developed a A unique method of functioning of any group which came out unique kind of life style to sustain his life, which is called as through the gradual development of life-style is called as culture. It does not become in a single day, it develops culture. There are literally thousands of cultures on Earth gradually. One transfers his beliefs, behaviours and life style today and each contributes to global diversity. One reason for through the culture. The current paper highlights how existence of so many cultures is that there are so many ways geographical factors affect culture and cultural landscape by which they are adjusting with their environment. With over across Garhwal. seven billion people on earth, there are thousands of different cultures each of which makes its own special contribution to 2. Objectives Earth's wonderful diversity. When we analyse the world's 1) To analyse impact of geographical factors on cultural culture it is observed that one culture is totally different from aspects of Garhwal. another. So the question arises why there are so many 2) To assess the impact of geographical factors on cultural differentiations in one culture to another. Certainly there are heterogeneities. some factors which are responsible for these differentiations. Geographical factors plays prominent role while analysing the 3. Methodology culture and cultural landscape. Every environment has its own Unlike a scientific analysis, which is more amenable to a kind of limitations and facilities. Human lives in his unique “cause and effect” analysis evaluating the sources of cultural environment and he develops his life style by using these and social aspects is much more complex since a number of limitations and freedoms. Humans adopt and response to the factors are involved. Some may be empirical and objective, condition they encounter developing patterns of behaviour and and others may be rooted in beliefs, myths and inherited value customs to cope with dry desert, arctic cold, high mountain systems and therefore highly subjective but are not less real ranges or the isolation of an island. In turn, human interact and important for those who lives their life for them. A with physical geography to change, enhance or destroy composite method like literature review and interviews has physical and ecological features. Sometimes, he have to adjust been done. Secondary data has been used. with these limitations and freedoms. Therefore, a new kind of life-style is developed through the adaption and adjustment 4. Study Area with his Geographical conditions, which is called culture. In Garhwal lies in the north- west region and administrative this research paper we have tried to through the light upon the division of northern Indian state of Uttakhand. It extends from geographical factors which affects the culture and cultural 77°33΄ to 80°60΄E longitude and 29°31΄N and 31°26΄ latitude. landscape of Garhwal. Lying in Himalayas it is bounded on north by Tibbet, in the The word culture derives from a French term, which in turn east by Kumaun region, on the south by UP state and on the derives from Latin “colere,” which means to tend to the earth northwest by Himanchal Pradesh state. Garhwal has an area of and grow, or cultivation and nurture.” The total way of life 32450 sq. /km. it has been regarded as the holiest part of that characterizes a group of people is called as culture. Himalayas because the holy Ganga and its tributaries have Culture is the characteristic and knowledge of particular group their source in the region. Garhwal has some highest peaks of people, defined by everything from language, religion, and passes, the steepest scarps and most precipitous ravines, 176 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development the deepest geoges cut by the swift rivers. The most highly 80 km. ecological region, covering a global range of climatic diversified and sharply contrasted to Tundra in a brief span of belts from subtropical Fig 1 The Himalayan and landscape with its high relief, snow clad physiographic divisions from south to north. peaks, vast glaciers deeply dissected topography, antecedent drainage and complex geological structure is well represented 4.1 Climate in Garhwal Himalaya. The Himalayan ranges rise northwards Vast variations of altitude have given way to manifold from the foot hills to over 6000m within a short distance of climates in Garhwal Himalayas. In such an area of 150 km and contains vast snow field. The majestic array of complicated relief microclimatic conditions are of greatest hoary peaks is visible from far and wide. Seen from a vantage importance. The most important factors in determining the point, the lower hills appear like waves of the story sea, climate in this region are the altitude related relief, slope, suddenly arrested and frozen into stone. The lower valleys aspect direction of mountains and their relative position with provide fascinating contrast with rugged lofty snow clad respect to snow clad mountain foothills. Precipitation occurs mountains. The region is crisscrossed by numerous mountain in the form of snow, rain, hail, frost, snow and dew. ranges and river valleys. There are three well recognised Following are the major physiographic regions of Garhwal- Source: J Vect Bome Dis 41, March & June 2004 Fig 2 177 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development . Siwalik (Outer Himalaya) Impact upon dresses- sub-tropical zone covers Sahaspur, . Himanchal (Lesser Himalaya) Doiwala, Yamkeshwer and Kotdwar blocks. Cotton clothes . Himadri (Greater Himalaya) dominates in zone except the four months of winter when woollen clothes are used. This zone is nearer to the plain 4.2 Drainage system of Garhwal hence it is more influenced by the western type of clothing and In Garhwal, there has happened many mountain genesis modern fashion than the middle Garhwal and high valley processes in its geomorphological region. Consequently the where its impact is felt in the residents of the towns and whole area changed into the hilly terrain. It also affected the service centres or among the educated personnel. Males put on drainage system of Garhwal. The river of Garhwal represents trousers, shirts, bush shirts, coat and pant. The females wear the consequent streams pattern except antecedent stream blouse, loin clothes, dopatta and shawl. The impact of altitude system. The main rivers of Garhwal are Bhagirati, Alaknanda, through its impact on temperature is pronounced on the types Yamuna, Tons. The drainage system of Garhwal can be of dress than any other natural elements in Garhwal. The ratio divided into two. of woollen clothes and duration of their use increases with the . The Bhagirathi Drainage System in altitude. Impact upon diet- different altitudinal zone . The Alaknanda Drainage System represent different climates. Each has developed with the . The Ganga Drainage System resources of his environment a food supply which has become . The Yamuna Drainage System typical, distinctive, growing, more and more with habitual use. The Western Ramganga Drainage System Diet is a sensitive indicator of cultural differences and many Alaknanda-Bhagirathi Drainage system is the vastest drainage ingredients of diet have importance as symbols of cultural system of Garhwal. Alaknanda is the biggest river rising from identity. Alkapuri of Garhwal Himalayas. It is considered the tributary Diet are one of the important factors of culture when we of Bhagirathi. It merges in Alaknanda with Saraswati, Dhauli examine diets from a geographical point of view, they appear Ganga, Virahi, Nanadakini and Pinder. Yamuna drainage in a dual guise as expressions of the environment. system is the second important drainage pattern. Yamuna is Diets in Lower Valleys, Doon and Bhabar – in this region the main river which flows through Dehradoon and Uttarkashi. wheat and rice are major crops. So they form the chief items of the diet of inhabitants of the area. 5. Discussions Diets In Jaunsar-Bawar- the diet and routine of Jaunsar Geographical factors are circumstances associated with a Bawer is slightly different from that of Garhwal so far as its physical location that affect humans living within a specific nomenclature is concerned but in substance they are somewhat area. Behaviour, health, beliefs, income, occupation and similar.