SMALL MILLETS IN GLOBAL AGRICULTURE Proceedings of the First International Small Millets Workshop Bangalore, India, October 29-November 2, 1986 Editors: A. Seetharam K. W. Riley G. Harinarayana 41- OXFORD & IBH PUBLISHING CO. PVT. LTD. New Delhi Bombay Calcutta © 1989 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE ISBN 81-204-0434-3 Published in India by Mohan Primlani for Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., 66 Janpath, New Delhi 110 001, typeset by Composers and printed at Pauls Press, Okhla Industrial Area, New Delhi 110 020. 1-S9-11 L CONTENTS Editor's Preface vii Inaugural Address : M. V. Rao ix Workshop Participants and Authors I : OVERVIEW AND TAXONOMY 1. Small Millets-A Selective Overview 3 Hugh Doggett 2. Origin, Evolution and Systematics of Minor Cereals 19 J.M.J. de Wet 11 : IMPORTANCE, GERMPLASM AND VARIETAL IMPROVEMENT IN ASIA 3. Small Millets in Indian Agriculture 33 T. V. Sampath, S.M. Razvi, D. N. Singh and K. V. Bondale 4. Genetic Resources of Small Millets in India 45 A. Seetharam 5. Breeding and Varietal Improvement of Small Millets in India 59 G. Harinarayana 6. Importance, Genetic Resources and Breeding of Small 71 Millets in Bangladesh M.A. Majid, M.A. Hamid and Mannujan 7. Importance, Genetic Resources and Breeding of Small 77 Millets in Sri Lanka S. Ponnuthurai 8. Importance, Genetic Resources and Varietal Improvement 85 of Finger Millet in Nepal Kishor Sherchan 9. Importance and Genetic Resources of Small Millets with 93 Emphasis on Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) in China Chen Jiaju iv 10. Breeding and Varietal Improvement of Foxtail Millet in 101 China Chen Jiaju 11. Breeding of Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in Volga 105 Region of USSR V.A. Ilyin and E.N. Zolotukhin 111 : IMPORTANCE, GERMPLASM AND VARIETAL IMPROVEMENT IN AFRICA 12. Finger Millet Research in the SADCC (Southern African) 115 Region S.C. Gupta, S. Appa Rao and L. R. House 13. Small Millets in Uganda Agriculture 127 Bill Williams Khizzah 14. Finger Millet Improvement in Uganda 137 Vincent Makumbi Zake and Bill Williams Khizzah 15. Importance, Genetic Resources and Breeding of Small 149 Millets in Kenya C. Mburu 16. Finger Millet Research in the Southern Highlands of 155 Tanzania R.O.F. Mwambene 17. Importance, Genetic Resources and Breeding of Small 161 Millets in Zimbabwe, with Emphasis on Finger Millet F. R. Muza 18. Production Trends, Germplasm Resources, Breeding and 167 Varietal Improvement of Small Millets, with Special Emphasis on Teff in Ethiopia Seyfu Ketema 19. Improvement of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) in 173 Ethiopia Yilma Kebede and Abebe Menkir IV PHYSIOLOGY, CROPPING SYSTEMS, PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND PESTS AND DISEASES IN ASIA 20. Physiological Approaches for Improving Productivity of 179 Finger Millet under Rainfed Conditions M. Udaya Kumar, V.K. Sashidhar and T.G. Prasad v 21. Cropping Systems and Production Technology for Small 209 Millets in India B.R. Hegde and B.K. Linge Gowda 22. Diseases of Small Millets and Their Management in India 237 S. Viswanath and A. Seetharam 23. Insect Pests of Small Millets and Their Management in India 255 T.K. Murthi and G. Harinarayana 24. Cropping Systems, Production Technology, Pests, Diseases 271 and Utilization of Small Millets in Bangladesh M.A. Majid, M.A. Hamid and Mannujan 25. Cropping Systems, Production Technology, Pests, Diseases 275 of Finger Millet in Nepal Deep Man Sakya 26. Cropping Systems, Production Technology, Pests, Diseases 279 and Utilization of Small Millets in Sri Lanka S. Ponnuthurai 27. Cropping Systems, Production Technology, Pests and 287 Diseases of Foxtail Millet in China Chen Jiaju v CROPPING SYSTEMS, PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, PESTS AND DISEASES OF SMALL MILLETS IN AFRICA 28. Cropping Systems, Production Technology, Pests and 293 Diseases of Finger Millet in Uganda J.P.E. Esele 29. Cropping Systems, Production Technology, Pests, Diseases 301 and Utilization of Small Millets in Zimbabwe with Special Reference to Finger Millet F. R. Muza 30. Cropping Systems, Production Technology and Utilization of 305 Small Millets with Special Reference to Finger Millet in Kenya C. Mburu 31. Cropping Systems, Production Technology, Pests, Diseases, 309 Utilization and Forage Use of Millets with Special Emphasis on Teff in Ethiopia Seyfu Ketema V1 32. Finger Millet Cropping Systems and Management Practices 315 in Tanzania R.O.F. Mwambene VI : FOOD AND FODDER USES 33. Utilization of Small Millets in Andhra Pradesh (India) 321 P. Puthpamma 34. Processing of Small Millets for Food and Industrial Uses 325 N. G. Malleshi 35. Scope for Using Small Millets as Forage in India 341 S.R. Sampath 36. Utilization of Small Millets in China 347 Chen Jiaju 37. Processing and Utilization of Finger Millet in Uganda 351 J.P.E. Esele V11 : DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS General Index 365 Index of Scientific Names 390 EDITORS' PREFACE The transformation of agriculture to more productive systems has often been accompanied by increased production of a fewer crops species. Concurrent- ly, the area and production of a great diversity of traditional crops have declined. Yet in many parts of the world, these traditional crops play an important role in maintaining stable and sustainable forms of agriculture. One such traditional group of cereal crops is the small millets. This group includes finger millet (Eleusine coracana), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), little millet (Panicum miliare), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum), barnyard millet (Echinochloa colosna), fonio (Digitaria exilis), and teff (Eragrostis tefl. Although precise estimates on area and production of small millets are not available, these crops may occupy between 18 and 20 million hectares, producing 15-18 million tonnes of grain. The regionwise distribution of area is 6.5 m ha in South Asia, 5 m ha in China, 4 m ha in USSR and 3 m ha in Africa. Finger millet is the principal small millet species grown in South Asia, followed by kodo millet, foxtail millet, little millet, proso millet and barnyard millet in that order. Foxtail millet and proso millet are important in China and proso millet is grown extensively in southwestern USSR. In Africa, finger millet, teff and fonio have local importance. Some small millets are grown in United States and Europe on a very limited scale. Small millets are grown in arid, semi-arid or montane zones as rainfed crops, under marginal and submarginal conditions of soil fertility and moisture. Even so, it should be appreciated that their average grain yield is almost a tonne per ha. Presently, small millets are cultivated in areas where they produce a more dependable harvest compared with any other crop. This has been large- ly responsible for their continued presence and cultivation in many parts of the world. There is now an increasing realization of this fact, and a greater awareness that these crops merit more research and development. As a response to this need, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India, and the International Development Research Centre, Canada, jointly organized the first International Workshop on Small Millets, in October 1986, at Bangalore, India. The purpose of the workshop was to bring together scientists working on these millets, from countries where these crops are important; to assess the importance, production, and the place of these crops in traditional and im- proved agricultural systems; to discuss the status of research on these crops and explore ways to collaborate in strengthening millet research. Over 50 scien- tists from India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, USSR, Ethiopia, Kenya, Zimbabwe, the ICRISAT SADCC Program, Tanzania, Uganda and IDRC at- tended. Sessions on production trends, genetic resources, breeding, cropping systems and production technology, physiology, food and forage uses were held. There was discussion following each session, and a great deal of infor- mation was exchanged, both formally and informally. This volume contains the proceedings of that workshop, arranged into seven chapters: Overview and Taxonomy of Small Millets Importance, Germplasm Resources and Varietal Improvement in Asia Importance Germplasm Resources and Varietal Improvement in Africa. Physiology, Cropping Systems and Production Technology in Asia. Physiology, Cropping Systems and Production Technology in Africa. Food and Forage Uses. Discussion and Recommendations. Two papers: "Origin Evolution, and Systematics of Minor Cereals" by J.M.J. de Wet, and "Improvement of Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) in Ethiopia" by Yilma Kebede and Abebe Menkir, which were written after the workshop, are also included. During the final day of the workshop, it was recommended that an Inter- national Small Millets Network be formed, to help strengthen research on small millets. This volume, brings together, perhaps for the first time, information from the scientists actively working to improve the small millets in Africa and Asia. It is hoped that this information will be of use not only to the scientists in the newly formed network, but to all those interested in the role of traditional crops in enhancing sustainability, stability as well as the productivity of agricultural systems. Our appreciation is extended to Dr. M.V. Rao for his inaugural address, Dr. S.V. Patel, Vice Chancellor, University of Agricultural Sciences, and Mr. V. G. Pande, Regional Director, IDRC, for their opening remarks. To Dr K. Krishnamurthy, Director of Research, University of Agricultural Sciences, goes the credit for the excellent organization of the workshop. A. SEETHARAM K.W. RILEY Co-ordinator, All India Co-ordinated International Development Small Millets Improvement Project Research Centre Bangalore New Delhi G. HARINARAYANA Co-ordinator, All India Co-ordinated Pearl Millet Improvement Project Pune 1. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) 2. Barnyard millet (Echinochloa colona) 3. Proso millet (Panicum miiiaceum) 4. Kodo millet (Paspaium scrobicuiatum) 5. Dehulling of smallr millets 6. Little millet (Panicum miliare) 7. Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) i 8. Evaluation of finger millet germplasm in Nepal.