E-44-W Household and Structural Department of Entomology SOCIAL BEES AND WASPS Timothy J. Gibb, Extension Entomologist Controlling bees and wasps in and around buildings, HONEY BEES IN BUILDINGS parks, and campgrounds may be difficult and possibly haz- ardous. Some people are hypersensitive to bee and wasp Honey bees may build colonies in hollow walls, chim- venom, and many others are greatly afraid of these com- neys, and attics of buildings. Here, they may annoy or at mon insects. Most commercial pest control operators are times sting the residents, and their colonies (unlike other equipped to deal with bees and wasps and can provide ser- social bee and wasp colonies) may be a perennial prob- vice when control is warranted. lem. In addition, the wax combs of the nest may melt and Although all female bees and wasps are capable of allow stored honey to seep through walls and ruin interior stinging (males are harmless), only the social species ag- finishes. Abandoned honeycombs can become infested gressively do so in defense of their colonies. Solitary spe- with scavenger insects or may attract rodent pests which cies rarely sting; typically, only if mishandled. Accordingly, it may enter the home and cause additional annoyance. Ac- is important to be able to distinguish social bees (the honey cordingly, removal and/or destruction of honey bee colonies bee, bumble bees) and social wasps (paper wasps, hornets, in structures is advised, but it should be done with special yellowjackets) from their solitary relatives such as carpenter care. bees, cicada killer, mud daubers, etc. (See E-63 “Solitary Honey bee colonies in structures can be destroyed by Bees and Wasps: Carpenter Bee, Cicada Killer and Mud injecting 5% carbaryl (Sevin) dust (Apicide®) into the en- Daubers”). trance hole or a hole drilled through the wall into the nest Truly social bees and wasps exist in colonies associ- itself. Dusts are most easily applied with a plunger type gar- ated with some type of elaborate nest. Colonies are easily den duster with the baffle removed and should be used ac- recognized by the great amount of activity in and out of the cording to label directions single nest site. Solitary bees and wasps, although some- Treatment should be done at night when bees are less times existing in aggregations, build a small burrow in which active and nearly all are inside the colony. To avoid stings, a female raises a few young by herself. Such females do not wear a bee veil and gloves, and tie shirt sleeves and trou- defend their solitary nests. ser legs. After the bees have completely disappeared, try to All bees and wasps are beneficial and should be con- remove the honey and honeycomb, and close the entrance served unless they cause direct damage by their nesting ac- securely. tivity or constitute a stinging threat such as when a colony exists in or around structures and areas of much human ac- BUMBLE BEES tivity. Colonies situated high in trees or in areas seldom used by people should be left alone because they are no threat. Large, hairy, yellow or orange and black, bumble bees Bees and wasps can be distinguished both by their ap- are social, usually existing in small underground colonies, pearance and the type of nest they build. Nearly all bees although some colonies are in straw or other insulating ma- gather pollen to feed their young and possess rather hairy terials. Most species aggressively defend their colonies and bodies with flattened, hairy hind legs to assist in pollen trans- warrant control. To control, follow recommendations men- port. In contrast, wasps capture insects to feed their young tioned for ground nesting yellowjackets. and are much less hairy. They also lack the flattened, hairy pollen basket on the hind leg. Social Bees and Wasps— E-44-W 2 SOCIAL WASPS: PAPER WASPS, HORNETS, AND YEL- LOWJACKETS Social wasps exist in populous colonies associated with a paper nest. A colony consists of an egg-laying queen and many sterile females called workers. Social wasp colonies are annual (exist for one season only), and a nest is used only during the season it is built. Thus, the presence of a colony one season does not mean a colony will exist in the same site the following season. Although all social wasps capture insects such as flies, caterpillars, beetle larvae, etc., and thus are beneficial, destruction of colonies is warranted when located in or around structures and areas of human activity where a probability of human stings can occur. Control should follow the same rules as with honey Typical paper wasp nest bees: control at night and wear adequate protective clothing with veil and gloves. A flashlight covered with red cellophane European Paper Wasps (Dominulus) have recently be- should be used when applying insecticide at night. Although come very common in Indiana. These paper wasps often small, early season colonies and most undergound colonies build nests inside enclosed voids of lighting fixtures, bird are easily controlled, above-ground and nearly all structural boxes, gas grills, motor homes, boats and other infrequently colonies are best handled by professional pest control oper- used spaces. This often creates unexpected encounters ators unless the person attempting control is knowledgeable with people and has let to an increase in stings to people. about social wasps. Colony destruction is best accomplished with any number of pressurized products containing quick knockdown mate- rials such as resmethrin and synergized pyrethrins (Wasp Freeze®, Wasp Stopper®, Bee Bopper®, etc.). Stand well away from the colony and completely soak the nest material. Remember that paper wasps are highly beneficial caterpil- lar predators and relatively nonaggressive. Therefore, avoid controlling them unless colonies present a direct stinging threat. Adult worker yellowjacket European paper wasp (Polistes Diminulus) Baldfaced Hornet: This large black and white species builds the familiar large, grayish, pear-shaped nest that typi- cally is suspended in trees or on sides of buildings. The thick Yellowjacket ground nest paper envelope encloses two or four horizontally arranged combs. Late summer colonies may be quite large, consist- Paper Wasps: These slender, long-legged wasps ex- ing of nearly a thousand workers. Most nests should be left ist in small colonies associated with a single, exposed nest alone, however, if warranted, control is best left to a profes- comb that typically is suspended from eaves or in outbuild- sional pest control operator. Protective gear and quick, ef- ings. ficient insecticide application is imperative. 3 Social Bees and Wasps— E-44-W Sprays should be directed into the nest entrance (typi- Ground-Nesting Yellowjackets: Several species of yel- cally located near the bottom of the nest), and the entire nest lowjackets exist in Indiana, and most build subterranean should be thoroughly soaked. Many pressurized products for nests (similar in architecture to baldfaced hornet nests) home insect control are not effective. Look for products with in such areas as creek banks, the forest floor, lawns, and synergized pyrethrins plus petroleum distillates (e.g., Wasp garden and flower beds. Late-season colonies can be very Freeze®) which freezes the wasps upon contact. Colonies large, consisting of a few thousand workers. When located situated high in trees far from human activity should be left in home, yards, and gardens, colonies usually warrant con- alone. trol since people may inadvertently step on them or disturb them indirectly while gardening or mowing grass. Control usually is safely and effectively accomplished by applying an insecticide directly down the entrance hole in the soil after dark. Always walk carefully around the the nest site, since many colonies are situated just below the soil surface or immediately beneath leaf litter, and thus may be very easily disturbed or stepped into. Structural Nesting Yellowjackets and European (Giant) Hornet: Similar to the honey bee, some yellowjackets (typi- cally the German yellowjacket) and the European hornet may build their colonies inside structures (inside wall voids, attics, and sometimes basements). Control of such colonies is best left to a professional pest control operator. Colonies can be very large and are often located far from the entrance hole, deep into the structure. In most cases, special applica- tion equipment is needed to insure that the insecticide pen- etrates deep into the structural void and contacts the colony. For such difficult control situations the services of a profes- sional exterminator should be obtained. Additional Control Considerations: Often yellowjackets and honey bees scavenge for sugar or meat during late sum- mer and fall. These wasps become nuisances at picnics and other outdoor events. One of the best methods of reducing contact with yellowjackets in urban, residential, and recre- ational areas is to keep foods covered until immediately prior to consuming them. In addition, remove and handle garbage in such a way as to make it less available to foraging yellow- jackets. Garbage should be cleaned up regularly, and recep- tacles should have tight-fitting lids. During periods of heavy yellowjacket activity, trash receptacles should be re-located away from open doors or where people congregate. A number of traps incorporating meat baits or artificial attractants are available for sale in Indiana. However, these are largely ineffective for truly controlling social wasps. Such Nest of the baldfaced hornet products are not