Media and the politics of climate change in Kiribati: A case study on journalism in a “disappearing nation” Taberannang Korauaba February 28, 2012 Pacific Media Centre, School of Communications, AUT University A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Communication Studies. 1 Abstract __________________________________________________________________ Although the Pacific nation of Kiribati has been identified as one of the most vulnerable countries to the impact of climate change, little is known about the attitudes of the local media and the public toward this issue. This is in contrast to empirical studies‟ findings which have shown that the public and the media were aware of the threats posed by climate change. Aware of and concern about are very different from „we care and let‟s do something because it is our country‟. President Anote Tong and his growing focus on this issue – centred on his close relationship with the foreign news media – have increasingly cast his I-Kiribati people as the victims and thus further marginalised their ability to learn about climate change. Further to this, there is no connection with what Tong has declared overseas with his government‟s 2008-2011 Development Plan. This thesis argues that Kiribati is not united on climate change. Traditional, cultural and religious beliefs about land, environment and sea, and division among educated elites and political parties are some of the key barriers to communicating and receiving climate change stories. The government‟s closed door policy, top down approach and its one-way communication have restricted the media‟s access to information relating to climate change, and more importantly how 'climate funds' are distributed in the country. Despite attempts by the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) to bridge this gap with training workshops to increase media reporting, this study argues that the regional organisation has become part of the problem. Its workshops have been flawed and lack a solid theoretical basis. These complex issues shed new light on the problems facing the Kiribati media on communicating climate change to a society that is not united on this issue. Therefore, a culturally planned deliberative journalism model based on the Karoronga cultural concept is proposed as a framework to engage the media in addressing these issues and encouraging participation of I-Kiribati on climate change discourse through a bottom up, vertical and horizontal communication approach. This is an emerging challenge for the Kiribati media. 2 Contents ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... 2 ATTESTATION OF AUTHORSHIP ................................................................................................ 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................. 8 MAP OF KIRIBATI .......................................................................................................................... 9 FIG: 0.1 KIRIBATI‟S LOCATION ................................................................................................................. 9 FIG: 0.2 AERIAL VIEW OF SOUTH TARAWA ............................................................................................... 9 ABOUT KIRIBATI .................................................................................................................................... 10 1. INTRODUCTION: WHO CARES IF KIRIBATI DISAPPEARS TOMORROW? ................ 12 1.2 ISOLATION AND POPULATION GROWTH ......................................................................... 15 1.3 KIRIBATI ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................... 16 1.4 CLIMATE CHANGE ................................................................................................................ 17 1.5 SECRETARIAT OF THE PACIFIC REGIONAL ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME ............ 18 1.6 HOW DO KIRIBATI JOURNALISTS FIT INTO ALL THESE DEVELOPMENTS? ............. 19 1.7 THE MEDIA IN KIRIBATI ...................................................................................................... 20 1.8 UNDERSTANDING DELIBERATIVE JOURNALISM ........................................................... 21 1.9 REDEFINING DELIBERATIVE JOURNALISM IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT ................... 22 1.10 OUTLINE OF THESIS ............................................................................................................ 23 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................... 26 2.1 RESEARCH ON MEDIA COVERAGE OF CLIMATE CHANGE .......................................... 26 2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN AND CLIMATE CHANGE SCIENCE ............................... 29 2.3 CLIMATE CHANGE WORKSHOPS AND SEMINARS ......................................................... 30 2.4 DELIBERATIVE JOURNALISM ............................................................................................. 32 2.5 KUNDA DIXIT AND ANGELA ROMANO, PART OF THE PROBLEM OR SOLUTION? ... 33 2.6 PART OF THE SOLUTION ...................................................................................................... 34 2.7 WATCHDOG OF DEMOCRACY IN THE PACIFIC .............................................................. 34 2.8 WATCHDOG OF ENVIRONMENT......................................................................................... 36 2.9 KIRIBATI JOURNALISM CONTEXT .................................................................................... 36 2.10 WHAT’S NEXT? JOURNALISM EDUCATION ................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 3: TAONA TABON INAIM AS A METHODOLOGY................................................. 40 3.2 LOCATION OF STUDY ........................................................................................................... 42 3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE ......................................................... 42 INTERVIEWS ........................................................................................................................................... 42 RATIONALE FOR SELECTION OF THE PARTICIPANTS ................................................................................ 43 WEAKNESS AND STRENGTH OF INTERVIEW AND SELECTION ................................................................... 44 SUBJECTS‟ BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................... 44 3 QUESTIONNAIRES ................................................................................................................................... 46 WHO IS FILLING OUT THESE QUESTIONNAIRES AND WHY? ...................................................................... 47 3.4 CONTENT ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................. 47 SELECTED PUBLICATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 48 SAMPLING .............................................................................................................................................. 49 3.5 APPLYING TAONA TABON INAIM IN THE COLLECTION OF DATA ............................... 50 HOW TAONA TABON INAIM WORKS ......................................................................................................... 51 3.6 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................... 53 3.7 CONFIDENTIALITY ................................................................................................................ 54 3.8 EXEGESIS ................................................................................................................................ 54 3.9 GIVE IT BACK TO THE COMMUNITY ................................................................................. 55 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS ............................................................................................................... 56 4.1 INTERVIEWS ........................................................................................................................... 56 ISSUE 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 56 ISSUE 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 57 ISSUE 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 58 ISSUE 4 ................................................................................................................................................... 58 ISSUE 5 ................................................................................................................................................... 59 ISSUE 6 ................................................................................................................................................... 59 ISSUE 7 ..................................................................................................................................................