UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN Department of Administration and Organization Theory Master of Philosophy in Public Administration Research Thesis Spring 2015 PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN THE POWER SECTOR OF GHANA: HAS IT DELIVERED AS EXPECTED? JAMILATU ISSIFU DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my family and all the wonderful people in my life who relentlessly motivate and spur me on i ACKNOWLEDGMENT My first and foremost appreciation goes to the Almighty Allah for sustaining my life and making this research possible. I would also like to express my profound gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Ishtiaq Jamil for his guidance during my course work and for his encouragement and constructive critique in the course of this research. My sincere appreciation goes to Prof. Steinar Askvik and Prof. Tor Halvorsen for their guidance and instructive discussions during my study period which has in many ways imparted on the accomplishment of this research. I am also thankful to some PhD candidates (James Hathaway, Rebecca Radlick and Hasan Muhammad Baniamin) and my course mates for their insightful suggestions in writing my term papers and in the completion of this thesis. A word of appreciation goes to Denise Fewtrell Flatmark and Olga Mjelde for their outstanding administrative assistance throughout my study period. I am very grateful to the Norwegian State Educational Loan Fund (Lånekassen) for the two- year scholarship under the Quota Scheme which has immensely supported my study in Norway. I am most appreciative of my mentors Prof. Mariama Awumbila, Dr. Alhassan Anamzoya and Dr. Iddi Ziblim at the University of Ghana whose words of motivation and concern for my academic endeavours got me this far. I wish to also offer a special thanks to Dr. Mohammed Amin Adam, Executive Director at the Africa Centre for Energy Policy for his immense assistance during my data collection period and for providing an office to work from during my field trip. I owe a great deal of thanks to a special friend, Mr. Kafui Tsekpo for his sincere interest and support in my academic pursuit. To all my respondents who took time off their busy schedules to attend to me, I say thank you very much! Special thanks to everyone who in one way or the other supported me during my study period in Norway and in the accomplishment of this research. My heartfelt appreciation to my family - my parents, Madam Margaret Ayele Anani and Mr. Issifu Mahama for moulding me into the woman I am today. Words cannot express my gratitude for all your sacrifices to see me accomplish my dreams. I shall forever celebrate you! My brothers, for being my source of comfort, I am blessed to have you! Finally to my ever supportive better half, Mr. Kwamina Kwesienu Acquaah, none of this would have been possible without you. Your relentless encouragement and enthusiasm in all my pursuit has pushed me this far. Thank you! ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ......................................................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGMENT ......................................................................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................... vi ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................................................. vii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM ................................................................................... 2 1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 STUDY OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................... 5 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY ........................................................................................................... 5 1.6 ORGANISATION OF THESIS ........................................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ......................................... 8 2.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 8 2.1 CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATION: PRIVATE PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC SERVICE .............. 8 2.1.1 The Concept and Peculiarity of Public Private Partnership .................................................... 13 2.1.2 Classification of PPP .............................................................................................................. 16 2.1.3 Optimistic and Pessimistic Frontiers of PPP .......................................................................... 18 2.2 PRACTICING RHETORIC: THE CASE OF PPP IN ELECTRICITY PROVISION ................... 21 2.2.1 Independent Power Producers in Developing Countries ........................................................ 24 2.3 DEVELOPING THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................ 26 2.3.1 Partnership Agreement and Collaborative Processes ............................................................. 27 2.3.2 The Theory of Collaborative Advantage ................................................................................ 28 2.3.3 The Need to Integrate Related Theories (Resource Dependence) .......................................... 34 2.3.4 An Empirical Study ................................................................................................................ 35 2.4 EXAMINING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PARTNERSHIP ............................................... 37 2.4.1 Dependent Variable (Effectiveness of the Partnership) .......................................................... 38 2.4.2 Independent Variables (Elements of Partnership Functioning) .............................................. 39 2.5 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 45 3.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 45 3.1 RESEARCH APPROACH .............................................................................................................. 45 3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN .................................................................................................................... 47 3.3 AREA OF STUDY.......................................................................................................................... 48 iii 3.4 UNIT OF ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................... 48 3.5 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE ............................................................................................................. 49 3.6 DATA COLLECTION .................................................................................................................... 50 3.6.1 Interview ................................................................................................................................. 50 3.6.2 Observation ............................................................................................................................ 52 3.6.3 Written Documents ................................................................................................................. 53 3.7 DATA TRANSCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS ............................................................................... 54 3.8 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF STUDY .............................................................................. 55 3.8.1 Construct Validity .................................................................................................................. 55 3.8.2 Internal Validity...................................................................................................................... 55 3.8.3 External Validity .................................................................................................................... 56 3.8.4 Reliability ............................................................................................................................... 57 3.9 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................... 58 3.10 CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS OF STUDY .....................................................................