DIGITAL TYPOGRAPHY USING LATEX Springer New York Berlin Heidelberg Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo Apostolos Syropoulos Antonis Tsolomitis Nick Sofroniou DIGITAL TYPOGRAPHY USING LATEX With 68 Illustrations Apostolos Syropoulos Antonis Tsolomitis 366, 28th October St. Dept. of Mathematics GR-671 00 Xanthi University of the Aegean GREECE GR-832 00 Karlobasi, Samos [email protected] GREECE [email protected] Nick Sofroniou Educational Research Centre St. Patrick’s College Drumcondra, Dublin 9 IRELAND [email protected] Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Syropoulos, Apostolos. Digital typography using LaTeX / Apostolos Syropoulos, Antonis Tsolomitis, Nick Sofroniou. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0-387-95217-9 (acid-free paper) 1. LaTeX (Computer file) 2. Computerized typesetting. I. Tsolomitis, Antonis. II. Sofroniou, Nick. III. Title. Z253.4.L38 S97 2002 686.2´2544—dc21 2002070557 ACM Computing Classification (1998): H.5.2, I.7.2, I.7.4, K.8.1 ISBN 0-387-95217-9 (alk. paper) Printed on acid-free paper. Printed on acid-free paper. © 2003 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America. 987654321 SPIN 10791970 A Typesetting: Pages created by the authors using L TEX www.springer-ny.com Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg A member of BertelsmannSpringer Science+Business Media GmbH Dedicated to the fond memory of Mikhail Syropoulos, my beloved brother, to my parents, Georgios and Vassiliki, and to my son, Demetrios-Georgios. — A.S. ◆ To my parents, Panagiotis and Evangelia, and to my wife, Angeliki. — A.T. ◆ To my father, Andreas Sofroniou, who introduced me to computers when they were few and far between. — N.S. C Foreword by Yannis Haralambous xv Preface xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What Is TEX?.................................. 1 1.2 LogicalversusVisualDesign......................... 3 A 1.3 Preparing a Document with LTEX ...................... 4 1.4 How Does TEXTypeset?............................ 10 1.5 MoreInformationandResources....................... 11 2 e File Structure 13 2.1 eCharactersWeType............................ 13 2.2 DocumentClassesandPaages....................... 17 2.3 Sectioning Commands . 20 2.4 eDocumentTitle.............................. 26 2.5 BasicLogos................................... 28 2.6 ArticlePreparation............................... 29 2.7 LeerPreparation............................... 31 2.8 ProducingProceedingsArticles....................... 33 A 2.9 Combining Individual LTEX Files . 34 3 Fonts and eir Use 39 3.1 ClassificationofFonts............................. 39 3.2 AccessingmoreGlyphs............................ 46 3.2.1 EuroFont................................ 50 3.2.2 e wasysym Fonts........................... 50 3.2.3 Phonetic Fonts . 52 3.3 AutomatedSpecialGlyphsSelection..................... 53 3.4 Size-Changing Commands . 56 C 3.5 AdvancedAccents............................... 59 4 Lists and Catalogs 61 4.1 UnitsofMeasure................................ 61 4.2 TypeseingPoetry............................... 63 4.3 Lists....................................... 64 4.3.1 CustomizingtheStandardLists.................... 66 4.4 otations................................... 68 4.5 Footnotes.................................... 69 4.5.1 CustomizingFootnotes........................ 71 4.5.2 Endnotes................................. 73 4.6 SimulatingTypedText............................. 74 4.6.1 AdvancedTypedTextSimulation.................. 75 4.7 CenteringandFlushingText......................... 77 4.8 Alignment.................................... 78 4.8.1 e tabbing Environment . 79 4.8.2 e tabular Environment . 80 4.9 MoreonAlignment.............................. 84 5 Typeseing Mathematics 93 5.1 eMathematicsMode............................ 93 5.2 FontSelectioninMathematicsMode..................... 94 5.3 SymbolsfortheMathematicsMode..................... 95 5.3.1 SpecialLatinAlphabets........................ 95 5.3.2 e Greek Leers . 96 5.3.3 AccentsinMathMode......................... 97 5.3.4 BinaryOperators............................ 98 5.3.5 Variable-SizeOperators........................ 99 5.3.6 Delimiters................................ 99 5.3.7 Arrows.................................. 99 5.3.8 RelationalOperators.......................... 100 5.3.9 MiscellaneousSymbols........................ 102 5.3.10MoreMathSymbols.......................... 103 5.3.11 Other Mathematics Font Families . 107 5.4 eArtofTypeseingMathematicalText.................. 107 5.4.1 Exponents, Indices, Fractions, and Roots . 107 5.4.2 Functions................................ 109 5.4.3 OneAbovetheOther.......................... 111 5.4.4 HorizontalSpace............................ 113 5.4.5 IntegralsandSeries........................... 113 5.4.6 Matrices, Arrays, and Nonanalytically Defined Functions . 115 5.4.7 eorems................................ 117 5.4.8 Customizing the theorem Environment . 119 C 5.4.9 Equations................................ 124 5.4.10 Size Selection in Math Modes . 126 5.4.11CommutativeDiagrams........................ 126 5.5 e AMS ClassesandPaages........................ 128 5.5.1 AdditionalSymbols.......................... 129 5.5.2 AccentsinMath............................. 129 5.5.3 Dots................................... 130 5.5.4 NonbreakingDashes.......................... 130 5.5.5 OverandUnderArrows........................ 131 5.5.6 MultipleIntegralSigns......................... 131 5.5.7 Radicals................................. 131 5.5.8 ExtensibleArrows........................... 132 5.5.9 AffixingSymbolstoOtherSymbols................. 132 5.5.10 Fractions and Related Constructs . 132 5.5.11 e \smash Command . 133 5.5.12OperatorNames............................ 133 5.5.13 e \mod Command and its Relatives . 134 5.5.14 e \text Command . 134 5.5.15IntegralsandSums........................... 134 5.5.16CommutativeDiagrams........................ 135 5.5.17 Displayed Equations and Aligned Structures . 135 5.5.18 Numbering Equations and Referencing . 138 5.5.19Matrices................................. 140 5.5.20BoxedFormulas............................. 140 5.5.21Customizingeorems........................ 141 5.5.22 Options of the amsmath Paage................... 142 A 5.5.23 Converting from Standard LTEXtotheAMS Paages . 143 5.5.24 e amsart Top Maer Commands . 143 5.6 From Λ to MML .............................. 144 5.7 Generating OMDoc Files . 148 6 More on the Core 151 6.1 Labels and References . 151 6.2 Hyper-references . 155 6.3 HorizontalandVerticalSpace........................ 163 6.3.1 LengthVariables............................ 163 6.3.2 HorizontalSpace............................ 164 6.3.3 VerticalSpace.............................. 166 6.4 Counters..................................... 168 6.5 FloatingObjects................................. 170 6.6 MarginalNotes................................. 178 6.7 PageLayout................................... 179 C 6.8 PageStyles................................... 182 6.9 ePreparationofSlides........................... 185 6.9.1 Advanced Slide Preparation . 187 6.10Boxes....................................... 196 6.10.1FancyBoxes............................... 199 6.11 New Commands . 203 6.12 New Environments . 207 6.13NewLists.................................... 208 6.14 File Input . 211 A 6.15 LTEXàl’interactive............................... 213 7 Miscellaneous Paages 215 7.1 e calc Paage................................ 215 7.2 e ifthen Paage............................... 216 7.3 SyntaxCheing................................ 217 7.4 TypeseingCDCovers............................ 218 7.5 DropCapitals.................................. 220 7.6 PreparingaCurriculumVitae........................ 222 7.7 MulticolumnTypeseing........................... 225 7.8 HyphenatableLeerSpacing......................... 225 8 Bibliography and Index 229 8.1 PreparingtheBibliography.......................... 229 8.2 Using B TEX .................................. 231 8.2.1 e B TEXFields............................ 236 8.2.2 Typeseing a Bibliographic Database . 237 8.2.3 Multiple Bibliographies in One Document . 237 8.2.4 Bibliography in a Multilingual Environment . 238 8.3 PreparingtheIndex.............................. 241 8.4 in a Multilingual Environment . 244 8.5 CustomizingtheIndex............................. 245 8.6 GlossaryPreparation.............................. 247 9 Graphics 253 9.1 Drawing with the picture Environment . 253 9.1.1 InvisibleandFramedBoxes...................... 254 9.1.2 LinesandArrows............................ 255 9.1.3 CirclesandCurvedShapes...................... 256 9.1.4 e Construction of Paerns . 256 9.1.5 An Example of the Calculation of the Area of a Square . 257 9.1.6 A Diagram for the Calculation of the Area of a Circle