Ontology and Domain Knowledge Base Construction for Contra Dance as an Intangible Cultural Heritage: A Case Study in Knowledge Organization of American Folk Dance A thesis submitted to the College of Communication and Information of Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Library and Information Science by L.P. Coladangelo May, 2020 Thesis written by L.P. Coladangelo B.A., Sarah Lawrence College, 2004 M.L.I.S., Kent State University, 2020 Approved by _________________________________________________ Marcia Lei Zeng, Ph.D., Advisor _________________________________________________ Kendra S. Albright, Ph.D., Director, School of Information _________________________________________________ Amy L. Reynolds, Ph.D., Dean, College of Communication and Information ii Table of Contents Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background Summary ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Thesis Structure Overview ................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Context and Definitions ..................................................................................................... 2 1.3.1 Heritage, cultural heritage, and intangible cultural heritage (ICH). .............................. 2 1.3.2 Safeguarding ICH and digital cultural heritage. .......................................................... 3 1.3.3 ICH domain knowledge organization and representation. ........................................... 5 1.3.4 Country dance, contra dance, and contra dance vocabulary. ..................................... 6 1.4 Research Questions ........................................................................................................10 1.4.1 Exploratory/theoretical question cluster 1. .................................................................10 1.4.2 Exploratory/theoretical question cluster 2. .................................................................10 1.4.3 Exploratory/practical question cluster 3. ....................................................................10 1.5 Objectives ........................................................................................................................10 Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature....................................................................................12 2.1 Selection Criteria .............................................................................................................12 2.2 Landscape of Recent Developments in ICH Research ....................................................13 2.3 Preservation and Documentation .....................................................................................14 2.3.1 Roles of memory institutions. ....................................................................................14 2.3.2 Digitization and digital resources. ..............................................................................17 2.3.3 Motion capture. .........................................................................................................18 2.4 Interaction and Dissemination ..........................................................................................19 2.4.1 Social robots. ............................................................................................................20 2.4.2 Augmented / virtual reality. ........................................................................................20 2.4.2.1 Augmented reality (AR). .....................................................................................20 2.4.2.2 Virtual reality (VR)...............................................................................................20 2.4.3 Educational interfaces and gamification. ...................................................................21 iii 2.4.3.1 Terpsichore project. ............................................................................................22 2.4.3.2 i-Treasures. ........................................................................................................23 2.5 KOS, Semantic Technologies, and Metadata Research ..................................................24 2.5.1 Conceptual models and metadata standards. ...........................................................25 2.5.1.1 CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM). .....................................................26 2.5.1.2 Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) model. ...................26 2.5.1.2.1 “Superworks” model extending FRBR. .........................................................27 2.5.1.3 FRBR-object oriented (FRBRoo) model. .............................................................28 2.5.1.4 IFLA Library Reference Model (LRM). ................................................................28 2.5.1.5 Europeana Data Model (EDM). ...........................................................................29 2.5.1.6 Dublin Core (DC). ...............................................................................................30 2.5.1.7 Sampo model and process-centric cataloging. ....................................................31 2.5.1.8 Cultural Heritage in Digital Environments (CHDE) model. ...................................32 2.5.1.9 DOing REusable MUSical (DOREMUS) data model. ..........................................33 2.5.1.10 Linked Irish Traditional Music (LITMUS) ontology. ............................................34 2.5.1.11 Knowledge repository model for intangible cultural heritage. ............................34 2.5.2 Knowledge structures, taxonomies, and thesauri. .....................................................35 2.5.3 Domain ontologies, linked data approaches, and semantic technologies. .................36 2.5.3.1 Examples of ontologically-modeled ICH. .............................................................36 2.5.3.2 Examples of semantic, linked data, and interoperability approaches for ICH information. ....................................................................................................................38 2.6 Representation of ICH and the Paradigm of Indigenous Knowledge and Culture-specific Domains ................................................................................................................................39 2.7 Movement Notation, Modeling, and Analysis ...................................................................40 2.7.1 Labanotation and Laban movement analysis (LMA). .................................................40 2.7.2 Benesh Movement Notation (BMN). ..........................................................................42 2.7.3 Multimodal analysis. ..................................................................................................43 2.8 Contra Dance Research ..................................................................................................43 Chapter 3: Methodology ............................................................................................................45 3.1 Research Stages and Methods ........................................................................................45 3.1.1 Survey and selection. ................................................................................................45 3.1.1.1 Selection of sample dances from the Ralph Page Dance Legacy Weekend Collection, 1988-2017. ....................................................................................................46 3.1.1.2. Selection of sample dances from other sources. ................................................50 iv 3.1.2 Content and domain analysis. ...................................................................................51 3.1.3 Ontology building methodology. ................................................................................53 3.2 Anticipated Results ..........................................................................................................55 3.3 Work Plan ........................................................................................................................56 Chapter 4: Development of a Knowledge Organization Structure for Contra Dance ..................57 4.1 Research Questions Addressed and Chapter Overview ..................................................57 4.2 Concerns and Considerations in ICH Knowledge Organization .......................................57 4.3 Content and Domain Analysis of Contra Dance Choreography ........................................59 4.3.1 The structure of contra dance choreography: figures, their terms/concepts, and their modifications. .....................................................................................................................60 4.3.1.1 Functional requirements and definition of contra dance choreography syntax and concepts. ........................................................................................................................61