Aalborg Universitet An Exploration of Article 80 CISG Neumann, Thomas Creative Commons License Unspecified Publication date: 2011 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication from Aalborg University Citation for published version (APA): Neumann, T. (2011). An Exploration of Article 80 CISG. Handelshøjskolen, Aarhus Universitet, Erhvervsjuridisk Institut. PHD Thesis Vol. 2011:8 http://www.statsbiblioteket.dk/au/showrecord.jsp?record_id=sb_4469557 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. ? Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. ? You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain ? You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from vbn.aau.dk on: September 23, 2021 Thomas Neumann An Exploration of Article 80 CISG PhD Dissertation Centre for International Business Law Aarhus School of Business, Aarhus University January 2011 CHAPTERS Chapters.....................................................................................................................2 Contents.....................................................................................................................3 Part I. Preparing and Introducing the Research .................................. 8 1. Introduction of Subject, Problem, Purpose and Structure.......................9 2. Selection of Method, Material and Interpretation...................................17 3. Development of Research Questions .........................................................58 Part II. Analyses.............................................................................. 83 4. Article 80’s Overlap with Other Provisions ..............................................84 5. Principles Underlying the CISG Expressed in Article 80.......................96 6. Domestic Equivalents of Article 80 ......................................................... 122 7. Good Faith Expressed in Article 80......................................................... 168 8. Subjective Factors Under Article 80........................................................ 194 9. The Scope and Role of Article 80 Reviewed .......................................... 231 Part III. Recapitulation of Analyses ..................................................277 10. Conclusions and Their Implication....................................................... 278 Summaries............................................................................................................ 289 Abbreviations and Words.................................................................................. 294 Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 298 Cases...................................................................................................................... 311 Other Materials ................................................................................................... 320 2 CONTENTS Chapters....................................................................................... 2 Contents ...................................................................................... 3 Part I. Preparing and Introducing the Research .................................. 8 1. Introduction of Subject, Problem, Purpose and Structure ............ 9 1.1 Subject of Dissertation..................................................................................... 9 1.2 Problem and the Overall Research Question.................................................. 10 1.3 Purpose, Relevance and Form of Dissertation................................................ 13 1.4 Delimitation.................................................................................................. 15 1.5 Outline of Presentation ................................................................................. 15 2. Selection of Method, Material and Interpretation ..................... 17 2.1 Relevant Sources and Their Interpretation..................................................... 19 2.1.1 The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties .................................... 19 2.1.1.1 Application as Customary Law....................................................... 20 2.1.1.2 Relevance of State to State Regulation............................................ 21 2.1.2 Interpretation Specifically of the CISG .................................................. 24 2.1.2.1 Purpose and Political Nature of the CISG...................................... 24 2.1.2.2 Autonomous Interpretation Rule ................................................... 28 2.1.2.3 The International Character of the CISG....................................... 30 2.1.2.4 The Need to Promote Uniform Application................................... 33 2.1.2.5 The Need to Promote Good Faith ................................................. 37 2.1.3 Gap Filling the Convention Text........................................................... 40 2.1.4 Precedence of Contract .......................................................................... 42 2.1.4.1 The Unequivocal Agreement by the Parties.................................... 43 2.1.4.2 Interpretation of the Parties’ Agreement......................................... 44 2.1.4.3 Relevance of Practice and Usages.................................................... 46 2.2 Salient Issues for the Particular Field of Research........................................... 50 2.2.1 Accessibility ........................................................................................... 50 2.2.2 Language ............................................................................................... 52 2.2.2.1 The Meaning of the Convention Text............................................ 52 2.2.2.2 Discrepancies Between the Convention Texts ................................ 53 2.2.2.3 Reading Foreign Sources and the Present Work ............................. 56 2.3 Summary on Sources ..................................................................................... 56 3 3. Development of Research Questions ........................................ 58 3.1 The Text of Article 80 and Preliminary Research Questions.......................... 58 3.2 Article 80’s Background and Elaboration of Questions.................................. 61 3.2.1 Was Article 80 Affected by an Interest Group?....................................... 64 3.2.2 Did a Whish to Maximize Adoption of the CISG Exist?........................ 66 3.2.3 Were a Lot of Different Cases Expected to Fall under Article 80? .......... 67 3.2.4 Is Article 80 a Midnight Clause? ............................................................ 67 3.2.5 Is Discretion on Purpose left to the Adjudicator? ................................... 68 3.2.6 Is Article 80 Entirely Covered by Other Rules or Principles?.................. 68 3.2.7 Does Article 80 Express an Existing Principle?....................................... 69 3.2.8 Is a Rule Similar to Article 80 Recognized in Domestic Law?................. 70 3.2.9 Does Article 80 Call for a Narrow Interpretation?.................................. 70 3.3 Case Law and Further Questions................................................................... 71 3.3.1 Archetype Case ...................................................................................... 72 3.3.1.1 Considerations ............................................................................... 73 3.3.2 Shared Responsibility Type Case ........................................................... 74 3.3.2.1 Considerations ............................................................................... 77 3.4 Categorisation of Questions and Presentation of Part II ................................ 79 Part II. Analyses.............................................................................. 83 4. Article 80’s Overlap with Other Provisions............................... 84 4.1 Specific Provisions......................................................................................... 85 4.1.1 Conformity, Article 35........................................................................... 85 4.1.2 Price Reduction, Article 50 .................................................................... 89 4.1.3 Third Party Rights, Article 42................................................................ 91 4.2 Lex Specialis .................................................................................................. 93 4.3 Conclusion.................................................................................................... 94 5. Principles Underlying the CISG Expressed in Article 80 ............ 96 5.1 How to Identify Underlying CISG Principles................................................ 97 5.2 Underlying Principles Expressed in Article 80 ............................................... 98 5.2.1 Good Faith, Justice and Fairness...........................................................