Orlov Dark Mirrors RELIGIOUS STUDIES Azazel and Satanael in Early Jewish Demonology Dark Mirrors is a wide-ranging study of two central figures in early Jewish demonology—the fallen angels Azazel and Satanael. Andrei A. Orlov explores the mediating role of these paradigmatic celestial rebels in the development of Jewish demonological traditions from Second Temple apocalypticism to later Jewish mysticism, such as that of the Hekhalot and Shi ur Qomah materials. Throughout, Orlov makes use of Jewish pseudepigraphical materials in Slavonic that are not widely known. Dark Mirrors Orlov traces the origins of Azazel and Satanael to different and competing mythologies of evil, one to the Fall in the Garden of Eden, the other to the revolt of angels in the antediluvian period. Although Azazel and Satanael are initially representatives of rival etiologies of corruption, in later Jewish and Christian demonological lore each is able to enter the other’s stories in new conceptual capacities. Dark Mirrors also examines the symmetrical patterns of early Jewish demonology that are often manifested in these fallen angels’ imitation of the attributes of various heavenly beings, including principal angels and even God himself. Andrei A. Orlov is Associate Professor of Theology at Marquette University. He is the author of several books, including Selected Studies in the Slavonic Pseudepigrapha. State University of New York Press www.sunypress.edu Andrei A. Orlov Dark Mirrors Azazel and Satanael in Early Jewish Demonology Andrei A. Orlov Published by State University of New York Press, Albany © 2011 State University of New York All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher. For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY www.sunypress.edu Production by Kelli W. LeRoux Marketing by Anne M. Valentine Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Orlov, Andrei A. Dark mirrors : Azazel and Satanael in early Jewish demonology / Andrei A. Orlov. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4384-3951-8 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Jewish demonology. 2. Azazel (Jewish mythology) 3. Devil. 4. Apocalypse of Abraham—Criticism, interpretation, etc. 5. Slavonic book of Enoch— Criticism, interpretation, etc. 6. Apocryphal books (Old Testament)— Translations into Slavic—History and criticism. I. Title. BM645.D45O75 2011 296.3'16—dc22 2011007661 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Come and see: There are chariots of the left in the mystery of the Other Side and chariots of the right in the mystery of the supernal Holiness, and they match one another. Zohar I.21lb Contents Preface ix Abbreviations xi Introduction Lightless Shadows: Symmetry of Good and Evil in Early Jewish Demonology 1 Part I: Azazel “The Likeness of Heaven”: Kavod of Azazel in the Apocalypse of Abraham 11 Eschatological Yom Kippur in the Apocalypse of Abraham: The Scapegoat Ritual 27 The Garment of Azazel in the Apocalypse of Abraham 47 Part II: Satanael The Watchers of Satanael: The Fallen Angels Traditions in 2 (Slavonic) Enoch 85 Satan and the Visionary: Apocalyptic Roles of the Adversary in the Temptation Narrative of the Gospel of Matthew 107 The Flooded Arboretums: The Garden Traditions in the Slavonic Version of 3 Baruch and the Book of Giants 113 vii viii Contents Notes 127 Bibliography 179 Index 197 Preface Along with unpublished studies this book contains several essays previously published in journals and collections inaccessible to many interested readers. The essays were originally published as follows: “The Flooded Arboretums: The Garden Traditions in the Slavonic Version of 3 Baruch and in the Book of Giants,” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 65 (2003): 184–201. “The Eschatological Yom Kippur in the Apocalypse of Abraham: The Scapegoat Ritual,” Symbola Caelestis: Le symbolisme liturgique et paraliturgique dans le monde chrétien (Scrinium V; eds. Andrei Orlov and Basil Lourié; Piscataway: Gorgias Press, 2009), 79–111. “The Watchers of Satanail: The Fallen Angels Traditions in 2 (Slavonic) Enoch,” in A. Orlov, Divine Manifestations in the Slavonic Pseudepigrapha (Orientalia Judaica Christiana, 2; Piscataway: Gorgias Press, 2009), 237–68. “ ‘The Likeness of Heaven’: Kavod of Azazel in the Apocalypse of Abraham,” With Letters of Light: Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls, Early Jewish Apocalypticism, Magic and Mysticism (Ekstasis: Religious Experience from Antiquity to the Middle Ages, 2; eds. Daphna Arbel and Andrei Orlov; Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2010), 232–53. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the Catholic Biblical Association of America, Gorgias Press and Walter de Gruyter Publishers for permission to reproduce the essays. The format and the style of the original publications have been changed to comply with the standards of the collection. Some alterations also have been made due to printing errors or obvious errors of fact. Some footnotes have been omitted as they appeared in more than one essay. I would like to express my appreciation to Phillip Anderas, Deirdre Dempsey, Basil Lourié, Oleg Makariev, Amy Richter, Kristine Ruffatto, and ix x Preface Nikolai Seleznyov who read various parts of the manuscript and offered numerous helpful suggestions. I am grateful to Art Resource, N.Y., for permission to use an illustration from a fifteenth-century antiphonary from Museo dell’Opera del Duomo (Florence, Italy) as the cover image. Sincere thanks are also due to Nancy Ellegate, Kelli Williams-LeRoux, and the editorial team of SUNY Press for their help, patience and professionalism during preparation of the book for publication. Abbreviations AAWG Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen AB Anchor Bible ABAW Abhandlungen der Bayrischen Akademie der Wissenschaften AGAJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums AI Acta Iranica AnBib Analecta biblica ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt AOASH Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae ArBib Aramaic Bible AsSeign Assemblées du Seigneur ATANT Abhandlungen zur Theologie des Alten und Neuen Testaments AThR Anglican Theological Review ATJ Ashland Theological Journal AUSS Andrews University Seminary Studies BBET Beiträge zur biblischen Exegese und Theologie BBR Bulletin for Biblical Research BETL Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensium Bib Biblica BJS Brown Judaic Studies BN Biblische Notizen BR Biblical Research xi xii Abbreviations BSac Bibliotheca sacra BSJS Brill’s Series in Jewish Studies BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies BTB Biblical Theology Bulletin BVC Bible et vie chrétienne BWANT Beiträge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Testament BZ Biblische Zeitschrift CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CBQMS Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series Comm Communio ConBNT Coniectanea neotestamentica or Coniectanea biblica: New Testament Series CQR Church Quarterly Review CRINT Compendia rerum iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum CSCO Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium CTQ Concordia Theological Quarterly DJD Discoveries in the Judaean Desert DSD Dead Sea Discoveries DT Deutsche Theologie EB Eichstätter Beiträge. Schriftenreihe der Katholischen Universität Eichstätt EJL Early Judaism and its Literature Ekstasis Ekstasis: Religious Experience from Antiquity to the Middle Ages ErJb Eranos Jahrbuch ETS Erfurter Theologische Studien EvQ Evangelical Quarterly EvT Evangelische Theologie ExpTim Expository Times FAT Forschungen zum Alten Testament GCS Griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte HM Hallische Monographien HR History of Religion Abbreviations xiii HSM Harvard Semitic Monographs HSS Harvard Semitic Studies HTR Harvard Theological Review HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual HUCM Monographs of the Hebrew Union College IEJ Israel Exploration Journal Imm Immanuel Int Interpretation JAAR Journal of the American Academy of Religion JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JATS Journal of the Adventist Theological Society JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JCPS Jewish and Christian Perspectives Series JECS Journal of Early Christian Studies JHI Journal of the History of Ideas JJS Journal of Jewish Studies JJTP Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy JQR Jewish Quarterly Review JR Journal of Religion JRS Journal of Roman Studies JRT Journal of Reformed Theology JSHRZ Judische Schriften aus hellenistisch-romischer Zeit JSJ Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Period JSJSS Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Period: Supplement Series JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament JSNTSup Journal for the Study of the New Testament: Supplement Series JSQ Jewish Studies Quarterly JSP Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha JSPSS Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha: Supplement Series JSSSS Journal of Semitic Studies Supplement Series xiv Abbreviations JTS Journal of Theological Studies JU Judentum und Umwelt JZWL Jüdische Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Leben LCL Loeb Classical Library LumVie Lumière et vie NHS Nag Hammadi Studies NovTSup Supplements to Novum Testamentum NT Novum Testamentum NTAbh Neutestamentliche Abhandlungen NTOA Novum