2021 Vaccine Storage and Handling Maine Immunization Program Annual Education Requirement Vaccines for Children Learning Objectives Learning Objectives At the conclusion of this training, the participant will be able to: 1. Define and explain cold chain management. 2. Describe the components of routine and emergency procedures for vaccine storage and handling. 3. Describe the roles of the primary and backup coordinators and other staff in the storage and handling of vaccines. 4. Describe proper vaccine storage and temperature monitoring equipment. 5. Describe correct vaccine and diluent storage, handling, and disposal of routinely recommended vaccines. 6. Identify actions that should be taken if vaccines have not been stored properly. Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2 Introduction Proper vaccine storage and handling has been an important factor in preventing and eradicating many common vaccine-preventable diseases. Yet, each year, storage and handling errors result in revaccination of many patients and significant financial loss due to wasted vaccine. Failure to store and handle vaccines properly can reduce vaccine potency, resulting in inadequate immune response in patients and poor protection against disease. Patients can lose confidence in vaccines and providers if they have to be revaccinated because the vaccines they have received may have been compromised. This annual education requirement provides an overview of approved vaccine storage and handling best practices. For more detailed information, refer to the CDC’s Vaccine Storage and Handling Toolkit. Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention 3 Cold Chain The vaccine cold chain is a temperature-controlled environment used to maintain and distribute vaccines in optimal condition. The cold chain begins with the cold storage unit at the manufacturing plant, extends through the transport of vaccines to the distributor and delivery to and storage at the provider facility, and ends with the administration of vaccine to the patient. Appropriate storage and handling conditions must be maintained at every link in the cold chain. Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention 4 Cold Chain Too much exposure to heat, cold, or light at any step in the cold chain can damage vaccines, resulting in loss of vaccine potency. Once lost, potency cannot be restored. Each time vaccines are exposed to improper conditions, potency is reduced further. Eventually, if the cold chain is not properly maintained, potency will be lost completely, and vaccines will be useless. While exposure to any inappropriate conditions can affect potency of refrigerated vaccines, a single exposure to freezing temperatures (0° C [32° F] or colder) will destroy some. Liquid vaccines that contain an adjuvant can permanently lose potency when exposed to freezing temperatures. Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention 5 The Rights of Medication Administration Adapted forVaccines Vaccine appearance in not a reliable indicator that vaccines have been stored in appropriate conditions. For example, inactivated vaccines, even when exposed to freezing temperatures, may not appear frozen, giving no indication of reduced or lost potency. Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention 6 The Rights of Medication Administration Adapted forVaccines Results of a cold chain failure can be costly. ACIP’s General best practice Guidelines for Immunization state, “Vaccine exposed to inappropriate temperatures that is inadvertently administered should generally be repeated.” Inappropriate storage can mean extra doses for patients, increased costs for providers, and damage to public confidence in vaccines. More importantly, patients who refuse revaccination can remain unprotected from serious, vaccine- preventable diseases. By maintaining the vaccine cold chain, your facility can avoid incurring the additional costs associated with loss and replacement of vaccines, as well as the resources needed to recall patients for revaccination. Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention 7 Knowledge Check Determine the correct answer. Which statement best defines cold chain management? • Checking that vaccines are portent and effective when used • Maintaining appropriate storage and handling conditions at every link in the cold chain • Minimizing exposure to excessive heat and cold • Checking vaccines for physical evidence of lost potency before administration Cold chain management means maintaining appropriate storage and handling conditions at every link in the chain. The cold chain begins with the cold storage unit at the manufacturing plant, extends through transport of vaccines to the distributor and delivery to and storage at the provider facility, and ends with administration of vaccine to the patient. Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention 8 Cold Chain An effective cold chain relies on three main elements: • A well trained staff • Reliable storage and temperature monitoring equipment • Accurate vaccine inventory management Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention 9 Staff Vaccine storage and handling practices are only as effective and successful as the staff that implements them. A well-trained staff, familiar with key storage and handling principles, is critical to ensuring the potency of your vaccine supply and the safety of your patients. Knowledgeable staff can also save your practice significant costs of wasted vaccine and prevent loss of credibility among patients who must be revaccinated due to a storage and handling error. Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention 10 Staff All staff members who receive deliveries and/or handle or administer vaccines should be familiar with storage and handling policies and procedures at their facility. Keep plans and standard operating procedures (SOPs) for storage and handling near storage units and make sure staff knows where to find them. Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention 11 Staff CDC recommends that storage and handling training should be done: • As part of new employee orientation • Annually as a refresher for all staff involved in immunization and vaccine storage and handling activities • Whenever new vaccines are added to inventory • Whenever recommendations for storage and handling of vaccines are updated. If you are a VFC provider, it is required that both the vaccine coordinator and backup vaccine coordinator complete an annual storage and handling training. Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention 12 Staff Designate a primary vaccine coordinator for your facility who will be responsible for ensuring all vaccines are stored and handled correctly. Appoint a second staff member to serve as an alternate in the absence of the primary coordinator (this is particularly important in case of after-hour emergencies). Both coordinators should be fully trained in routine and emergency policies and procedures. Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention 13 Staff Coordinator responsibilities include: • Ordering vaccines • Overseeing proper receipt and storage of vaccine deliveries • Documenting vaccine inventory information • Organizing vaccines within storage units • Setting up temperature monitoring devices • Checking and recording storage unit temperatures • Checking current temperature each time vaccines are accessed in the storage unit • Reviewing and analyzing temperature data at least weekly for any shifts in temperature trends • Rotating stock at least weekly so vaccines with the earliest expiration dates are used first Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention 14 Staff Coordinator responsibilities include (continued): • Removing expired vaccine for storage units • Responding to temperature excursions (out-of-range temperatures) • Maintaining all documentation, such as inventory and temperature logs • Ensuring staff is properly trained • Monitoring operation of storage equipment and systems • Overseeing proper vaccine transport (when necessary) • Overseeing emergency preparations: – Tracking inclement weather conditions – Ensuring appropriate handling of vaccines during a disaster or power outage Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention 15 Knowledge Check Determine the correct answer. Which staff need to be trained on vaccine storage and handling? • Only staff members who administer vaccines • Only the primary and alternate (backup) vaccine coordinator • Only new staff during orientation • All staff members who receive deliveries and/or handle or administer vaccines All staff members who receive deliveries and/or handle or administer vaccines should be familiar with storage and handling policies and procedures at your facility. CDC recommends that storage and handling training should be done as part of new employee orientation, annually as a refresher for all staff involved in immunization and vaccine storage and handling activities, whenever new vaccines are added to inventory, and whenever recommendations for storage and handling of vaccines are updated. Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention 16 Storage and Temperature Monitoring Equipment Think of your storage and monitoring equipment as an insurance policy to protect your patients from inadvertent administration of compromised vaccine, and your facility against costs of revaccination, replacement of expensive vaccines, and loss of patient confidence in your practice. For the best protection, your facility needs appropriate equipment that is set up correctly and maintained and repaired as needed. Proper Vaccine Storage Temperatures