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Ann Aibor, MI 48106 TOPICS ON A CATEGORIAL THEORY OF CHINESE SYNTAX DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Ying-yu Sheu, B.S., M.A. The Ohio State University 1990 Dissertation Committee: David Dowty Approved by Arnold Zwicky James Tai M id* Advisor Michael Geis Department of Linguistics ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I wish to acknowledge my deep indebtedness to my advisor, David Dowty, for his patience and invaluable help, criticism and suggestions throughout the writing of this thesis. He has influenced me greatly through his teaching and writings in my way of thinking about language. Much of the improvement in the final product over the original drafts is due to him and this would have been a better thesis if I had followed all of his suggestions and comments. This is not to say that he agrees with me on all aspects of the content here, as I remain solely responsible for all errors and infelicities. Thanks also go to the other committee members: Arnold Zwicky, James H-Y. Tai and Michael Geis for their service in the committee. Arnold carefully read the manuscript and provided valuable criticism. Without question, 1 am also indebted to him for my development as a linguist during my years at Ohio State. Special thanks go to James H-Y. Tai for his intellectual guidance throughout my graduate years and during the writing of this dissertation. I have benefited from his Chinese linguistics seminars, my discussions with him on Chinese linguistics, and his ready encouragement and support. Jack Hoeksema should also be mentioned here for introducing Categorial Grammar to me and for inspiring me to develop the material contained here into its present form. Acknowledgements also go to Chu-ren Huang and James C-T. Huang for their encouragement and for their generosity in sharing with me their pre-publication manuscripts. I thank Chu-ren for our modem-aided discussions across the Pacific of some of the materials here. I am deeply grateful to the Ohio State Department of Linguistics, its faculty and chairpersons, Brian Joseph in particular, for the many privileges and opportunities provided to me, including my university fellowship, the numerous teaching and research assistantships, as well as the special travel grant which enabled me to attend the 1987 Summer Institute at Stanford, at which my flagging interest in linguistics was rekindled. For their friendship, I thank Uma Subramanian, Rom, Joel Nevis, Yong-Kyoon No, Chu-ren Huang, Yung-O Biq, Wen-yu Chiang and Jane Smirniotopoulos. I owe special thanks to Uma for her moral support throughout the writing of this thesis. With her I also enjoyed and benefited from talking about linguistics and other things in life, whether or not we agreed on everything. Thanks are also due to Marlene Payha and Chriss Large for their very competent and ever-cheerful administrative support. Finally, I would like to thank my husband, Richard K. Schwartz, who over the years has become more proficient than I in explaining to people what linguistics is and what exactly a linguist does for a living. 1 thank him for his patience, his sense of humor, and his support, emotional and otherwise, and dedicate this dissertation to him. iii VITA November 15, 1959 ....................... Bom - Tainan, Taiwan 1981 B.A., National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 1985 .................................................... M.A., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS "A Categorial-Processual Analysis of Xuzi in Chinese", in M. Chan and T. Ernst (eds.), Proceedings of the Third Ohio State University Conference on Chinese Linguistics, Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1989, 201-214. "NP — >S' and Endocentricity Goes to the Dogs" (with Uma Subramanian), in J. Powers & K. dc Jong (eds.), ESCOL '88: Proceedings o f the Fourth Annual Meeting o f the Eastern States Conference on Linguistics, 453-464. HELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Linguistics Studies in Syntax, Semantics and Structure of Chinese TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................... ii VTTA ......................................................................................................................................... iv CHAPTER PAGE I. IN TRO D U CTIO N .............................................................................................................. 1 1*0. Statement of Goal ........................................................................................ 1 1.1. Categorial Grammar as a Descriptive Model for Chinese .................... 2 1.1*1. Parts of Speech-Based Theory of Grammatical Categories vs. the Categorial Tlieory of Syntactic Categories................................ 2 1.1.2. Interaction of Syntax and Morphology .................................................... 5 1.1.3. Accommodation of Syncategorematic elements ................................... 6 1.2. Organization of the Dissertation ........................................... 6 II. THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SYNTAX AND MORPHOLOGY IN CHINESE ................................................................................................................... 8 2.0. Introduction .................................................................................................. 8 2.1. Modularity ....................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Morphological Structure of Chinese......................................................... 13 2.2.1. The Notion of Word in Chinese ..................................................... 15 2.3.1. The Ionization Phenomenon ..................................................................... 31 2.4. A Lexicalist Account of Ionization ......................................................... 36 2.5. Summary and Final Remarks .................................................................. 53 III. A CATEGORIAL-PROCESS UAL APPROACH TO CHINESE SYNTAX ... 56 3.0. Introduction .................................................................................................. 56 3.1.1. Item-and-Arrangement vs. Item-and-Process ..................................... 57 3.1.2. IP Approach to Syntax .............................................................................. 59 3.1.3. A Catcgorial-Processual Approach to Syntax ..................................... 61 3.2.1. Wrapping (Infixing) Operations in Syntax ....................................................63 3.2.2. The Infixal Adverbial Construction ......................................................... 64 3.2.3. Formalizing W rapping............................................................................... 69 3.3.4. An Account of 1A C .................................................................................... 72 3.2.5. Word Order Principle as a Possible Motivation for Wrapping in IA C .................................................................................. 78 3.3. Infixal Argument Construction .................................................. 87 3.4.1. Reduplication in Syntax ............................................................................. 94 3.4.2. The Reduplicative Interrogative Construction .............................................95 III. CATEGORY CHANGING RULES AND MARKING OF DE IN COMPLEX CN CONSTRUCTIONS................................................................................................. 109 4.0. Introduction .................................................................................................. 109 4.1. Category Change ......................................................................................... 109 4.2. An Analysis of Category Change Marker de ......................................