See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321443468 Primates in Peril: Ateles fusciceps Chapter · December 2017 CITATIONS READS 0 140 3 authors, including: Diego Tirira Alba Morales-Jimenez Museo de Zoología QCAZ, Pontificia Universi… Fundacion Biodiversa Colombia 100 PUBLICATIONS 1,156 CITATIONS 7 PUBLICATIONS 25 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Spider Monkeys phylogeny and phylogeography View project Vulnerability of biodiversity to climate change in Ecuador: an assessment based on species’ ecological niche and protected areas effectiveness View project All content following this page was uploaded by Diego Tirira on 01 December 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Primates in Peril The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018 Edited by Christoph Schwitzer, Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Federica Chiozza, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Elizabeth J. Macfie, Janette Wallis and Alison Cotton Illustrations by Stephen D. Nash IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG) International Primatological Society (IPS) Conservation International (CI) Bristol Zoological Society (BZS) Published by: IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), Bristol Zoological Society (BZS) Copyright: ©2017 Conservation International All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Inquiries to the publisher should be directed to the following address: Russell A. Mittermeier, Chair, IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA. Citation (report): Schwitzer, C., Mittermeier, R.A., Rylands, A.B., Chiozza, F., Williamson, E.A., Macfie, E.J., Wallis, J. and Cotton, A. (eds.). 2017. Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018. IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society, Arlington, VA. 99 pp. Citation (species): Salmona, J., Patel, E.R., Chikhi, L. and Banks, M.A. 2017. Propithecus perrieri (Lavauden, 1931). In: C. Schwitzer, R.A. Mittermeier, A.B. Rylands, F. Chiozza, E.A. Williamson, E.J. Macfie, J. Wallis and A. Cotton (eds.), Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018, pp. 40-43. IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society, Arlington, VA. Layout and illustrations: © Stephen D. Nash, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, and Department of Anatomical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA. Available from: Jill Lucena, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.primate-sg.org Printed by: Gemini West, Bristol, UK ISBN: 978-0-692-96094-3 Front cover photo: Gee’s golden langur (Trachypithecus geei). Photo © Dilip Chetry Back cover photo: White-thighed colobus (Colobus vellerosus). Photo © Luke Larter ii The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates: 2016–2018 Here we report on the ninth iteration of the biennial species enduring equally bleak prospects for their listing of a consensus of the 25 primate species future survival. considered to be among the most endangered worldwide and the most in need of conservation Twelve of the primates were not on the previous measures. (2014–2016) list (Table 3). Ten of them are listed among the world’s most endangered primates for the The 2016–2018 list of the world’s 25 most endangered first time. The Niger Delta red colobus and Bornean primates has five species from Africa, six from orangutan had already been on previous iterations, but Madagascar, nine from Asia, and five from the were subsequently removed in favour of other highly Neotropics (Table 1). Madagascar tops the list with threatened species. The 2016–2018 list contains two six species. Indonesia has four, Brazil, Colombia, members each of the genera Trachypithecus and Ateles, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Panama, Vietnam, and possibly thus particularly highlighting the severe threats that Nigeria have two, and Benin, Bhutan, China, Costa large-bodied primates are facing in all of the world’s Rica, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ecuador, El primate habitat regions. Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Mexico, Nicaragua, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Togo each have During the discussion of the 2016–2018 list at the one. XXVI Congress of IPS in Chicago in 2016, a number of other highly threatened primate species were The changes made in this list compared to the previous considered for inclusion (Table 4). For all of these, the iteration (2014–2016) were not because the situation situation in the wild is as precarious as it is for those of the twelve species that were dropped (Table 2) has that finally made it on the list. improved, although for some species, such as, for example, Lepilemur septentrionalis, better protection measures are now in place. By making these changes we intend rather to highlight other, closely related 1 Neotropics -100° -90° -80° -70° -60° -50° -40° 30° Ü 30° 20° Ateles geoffroyi 20° 10° 10° Ateles Plecturocebus caquetensis Atlantic Ocean fusciceps Equator 0° Cebus kaapori 0° -10° -10° Alouatta guariba guariba -20° -20° Tropic of Capricorn Pacific Ocean -30° -30° -40° -40° 0 250 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 Km -100° -90° -80° -70° -60° -50° -40° Neotropical Primates Alouatta guariba guariba Cebus kaapori Ateles fusciceps Plecturocebus caquetensis Ateles geoffroyi 79 Brown-Headed Spider Monkey Ateles fusciceps Gray, 1866 Ecuador, Colombia, Panamá (2006, [2012, 2014 (A. f. fusciceps only)], 2016) Diego G. Tirira, Pedro G. Méndez-Carvajal & Alba-Lucía Morales-Jiménez The Ecuadorian Brown-Headed Spider Monkey (Ateles fusciceps fusciceps), left, and the Darien Black Spider Monkey (Ateles fusciceps rufiventris), right (Illustrations: Stephen D. Nash) Ateles fusciceps lives in Central and South America, Mittermeier 2013); its preferred fruit is generally hard from southeast Panama to Ecuador, west of the Andes with large piths, including various palms, but it also eats along the Chocó Eco-region. It is a diurnal species soft, small and multi-seeded fruits, mainly belonging that inhabits mostly evergreen humid tropical and to trees of the families Burseraceae, Caricaceae, subtropical forests. The species lives in groups of up to Cecropiaceae, Clusiaceae, Fabaceae, Lauraceae, 35 individuals; the group may divide into subgroups Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Myristicaceae, in search of food, the size of which varies from 1 to Olacaceae, Palmaceae, Rutaceae, and Sapotaceae, among 10 individuals, and under such circumstances solitary others (Morelos-Juárez et al. 2015). When fruit is scarce, individuals may be encountered (Gavilánez-Endara or when it wants to supplement its diet, this species eats 2006; Estévez-Noboa 2009; Cueva and Pozo 2010; fresh leaves, seeds, aerial roots, and some invertebrates, Moscoso 2010). Ateles fusciceps mainly inhabits large like insects; to a lesser degree it eats flowers, shoots and continuous forest patches in primary or secondary bark, fungi, decaying wood, and mud (Cuarón et al. forest and prefers the highest levels of the canopy. The 2008; Rylands and Mittermeier 2013; Morelos-Juárez et presence of this species in certain localities may be al. 2015). Ateles fusciceps is considered to be an effective due to suitable habitat conditions such as continuous disperser of seeds (Cuarón et al. 2008). canopy cover and high abundance of large and tall trees (Tirira et al. 2011). The brown-headed spider monkey is an active monkey that may move from several hundred meters up to three The species’ diet comprises mainly ripe fruits (70–90% kilometers in a day. It often travels by brachiation, but of its diet; Van Roosmalen and Klein 1988; Rylands and may also run on all fours along thick branches. The 83 animals are typically shy and generally try to avoid 2012). Tirira (2004) presented information on the humans. While feeding, they may sit or hang from historical and current distribution of the subspecies, one to three of their extremities (including the tail). reporting several localities where it is locally extinct, The female becomes sexually mature at approximately including the type locality (Hacienda Chinipamba, west four to five years of age, but usually does not give of Ibarra, Intag Valley, Imbabura Province), the whole birth before it is seven or eight years old. The gestation central coast of Ecuador, and the surroundings of the period is 226 to 232 days, with the female giving birth Cayapas, San Miguel, Ónzole and Santiago rivers, in the to a single young every two to four years, and the young Esmeraldas Province. Nevertheless, in some localities clings to its mother’s underside for the first few months such as Playa de Oro (in Esmeraldas Province) where (Eisenberg 1973, 1976; Cuarón et al. 2008). conditions have improved (e.g., hunting has ceased), populations of this subspecies are recovering (Moscoso Defler (2004) and Defleret al. (2006) indicate that A. 2010). Currently, A. f. fusciceps is concentrated in the fusciceps is a subspecies of the Central American Spider interior part of Esmeraldas Province, and adjacent Monkey