Tones in Zhangzhou: Pitch and Beyond Tones in Zhangzhou: Pitch and Beyond By Yishan Huang Tones in Zhangzhou: Pitch and Beyond By Yishan Huang This book first published 2020 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2020 by Yishan Huang All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-4421-4 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-4421-5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments .................................................................................... vii Abstract ................................................................................................... viii Chapter One ................................................................................................ 1 Introduction 1.1. Motivations .................................................................................... 1 1.2. Goals .............................................................................................. 7 1.3. Tonetics .......................................................................................... 8 1.4. Southern Min Tone Sandhi .......................................................... 13 Chapter Two ............................................................................................. 25 Methodologies 2.1. Research Locality ......................................................................... 25 2.2. Research Participants ................................................................... 28 2.3. Data Elicitation ............................................................................ 30 2.4. Acoustic Processing ..................................................................... 33 2.5. Statistical Testing ......................................................................... 38 Chapter Three ........................................................................................... 42 Syllables and Segments 3.1. Syllables ....................................................................................... 42 3.2. Onsets (C) .................................................................................... 43 3.3. Glides (G) .................................................................................... 45 3.4. Nuclei (V) .................................................................................... 46 3.5. Codas (C) ..................................................................................... 50 Chapter Four ............................................................................................. 57 Citation Tones 4.1. Pitch/F0 ........................................................................................ 57 4.2. Duration ....................................................................................... 63 4.3. Vowel Quality .............................................................................. 66 4.4. Voice Quality ............................................................................... 70 4.5. Syllable Coda ............................................................................... 75 4.6. Conclusion ................................................................................... 78 vi Table of Contents Chapter Five ............................................................................................. 83 Phrase-initial Tones 5.1. F0 ................................................................................................. 83 5.2. Duration ..................................................................................... 110 5.3. Vowel Quality ........................................................................... 124 5.4. Voice Quality ............................................................................. 127 5.5. Syllable Coda ............................................................................. 133 5.6. Conclusion ................................................................................. 136 Chapter Six ............................................................................................. 140 Phrase-final Tones 6.1. F0 ............................................................................................... 140 6.2. Duration ..................................................................................... 165 6.3. Vowel Quality ............................................................................ 180 6.4. Voice Quality ............................................................................. 183 6.5. Syllable Coda ............................................................................. 187 6.6. Conclusion ................................................................................. 190 Chapter Seven ......................................................................................... 193 Theoretical Considerations 7.1. Right Dominance ....................................................................... 193 7.2. Syntactic Sensitivity ................................................................... 195 7.3. Phonologically Inert ................................................................... 199 7.4. Phonetically Sensitive ................................................................ 201 7.5. Morphological Nature ............................................................... 203 7.6. Comparison with Other Southern Min Studies .......................... 217 Chapter Eight .......................................................................................... 219 Concluding Remarks 8.1. Significant Findings ................................................................... 219 8.2. Recommendation for Future Research ....................................... 224 References .............................................................................................. 228 Appendix A: Word Lists ......................................................................... 240 Appendix B: Normalised Data................................................................ 263 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book is a revised version of my doctoral dissertation, which I completed at The Australian National University in 2018. I am forever indebted to my informants and the local community for their contributions during my fieldwork in Zhangzhou. They are Ruizhu Lin, Yayuan Lu, Maoyong Liu, Meiling Yang, Sumei Chen, Bingren Yan, Zhibin Huang, Yuanfa Wu, Tonglong Huang, Yueshen Huang, Jianguo Wang, Huixue Huang, Muchi Huang, Rongxia Lin, Baoqing Zhang, Jinhong Huang, Zhupen Lin, Chunhua Lin, Qiumei Huang, Yonghui Huang, Shuixuan Huang, Ronghua Huang, Hairong Yan, Jinhui Huang, Caizhu Huang, Aying Huang, Yijie Huang, Ligen Cai, Shunzhi Huang, Xianfeng Huang, Liyuan Cai, Nengzhen Chen, Xiadianmei community, and Huaqiao University. I would like to express a deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Paul Sidwell, Dr. Mark Donohue, and Prof. Phil Rose for their constructive supervision. I would like to extend my gratitude to A/Prof. Shunichi Ishihara, Prof. Wayan Arka, Prof. Nick Evans, Dr. Julia Miller, Dr. Gwen Hyslop, Dr. Cathryn Donohue, Dr. Mark Ellison, Dr. Beth Evans, Dr. Jennifer Hendricks, Prof. Jane Simpson, Dr. Cynthia Allen, and Dr. Zhengdao Ye for their lectures, discussions, and/or seminars, which have broadened my knowledge beyond phonetics and the Sinitic language family. I also wish to express my appreciation to numerous loving people inside and outside ANU. I am especially thankful to Dr. Siva Kalyan, Dr. Xiaoli Zhou, Ms. Chintana Sandilands, and Ms. Joanne Bushby for their assistance and encouragement during my final writing stage. I would like to extend my gratitude to Prof. Feng Shi, Prof. Yingwei Guan, Prof. Xiaonong Zhu, Prof. Xiangdong Shi, Prof. Xiaoyu Zeng, and Prof. Qibin Ran who guided me in the study of linguistics during my MA in China, and to three examiners for their feedback and suggestions for this thesis and for future research. My deepest gratitude goes to my grandparents, parents, brother, sister- in-law, and many respected relatives. This research would not have been possible without their love, support, and encouragement. I will never be able to pay them back. I dedicate this milestone to them, and especially to my father Jinhui Huang, my ultimate role model. ABSTRACT This study explores the nature of Zhangzhou tones, an under-described variety of Southern Min, through the analysis of data from 21 native speakers. The realisations of Zhangzhou tones are multidimensional and the single parameter of pitch/F0 is not sufficient to characterise tonal contrasts in either monosyllabic or polysyllabic contexts in Zhangzhou. Instead, various additional parameters, including duration, vowel quality, voice quality, and syllable coda type, interact to code tonal distinctions. Zhangzhou has eight tones, rather than the seven proposed in previous research. This finding emerged from an examination of parametrical realisations across citation, phrase-initial, and phrase-final contexts, rather than classifying tones in citation and/or in terms of the preservation of Middle Chinese tonal categories. Additionally, tonal neutralisation occurs across different contexts. As such, identifying the number of tonal contrasts based simply on the citation context is inadequate.