Notes Notes to the Introduction 1. Frederick L. Shiels, Tokyo and Washington (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1980) p. 55. 2. Robert Gilpin, The Political Economy of International Relations (Princeton, N. 1.: Princeton University Press, 1987) pp. 391-2. 3. Quoted in Akira Iriye, Pacific Estrangement: Japanese and American Es­ trangement, 1897-1911 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972) p.9. 4. See James Fallows, More like Us: An American Plan for American Recov­ ery (New York: Pantheon, 1990). 5. Roger Pineau, The Japan Expedition, 1852-1854: The Personal Journal of Commodore Matthew Perry (Washington. D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1968) pp. 211. 214. 6. Henry Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (Boston. Mass.: Little, Brown, 1982) pp.737-8. 7. Richard Neustadt, Alliance Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970) p. 66. 8. Akira lriye, Pacific Estrangement. p. 1. Notes to Chapter 1: Pacific Patron, 1853-94 1. Cecil Crabb, Policy-makers and Critics: Conflicting Theories of American Foreing Policy (New York: Praeger, 1976) p. 1. 2. William Seward, Works, vol. 4, p. 319. 3. James Thompson et al., Sentimental Imperialists: The American Experience in East Asia (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1981) pp. 35-6. 4. John Witney Hall, Japan: From Prehistory to Modem Times (Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1971) p. 218. 5. John Foster Dulles, Yankees and Samurai: America's Role in the Emergence of Modem Japan, 1791-1900 (New York: Harper & Row, 1965) pp. 1-6. 6. Ibid., p. 9. 7. Ibid., p. 12. 8. Ibid., p. 29. 9. Akira lriye, Pacific Estrangement: Japanese and American Expansion, 1897- 1911 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972) p. 8. 10. Kenneth Hagen, This People's Navy: The Making of American Sea Power (New York: The Free Press, 1991) p. 130. 11. Roger Pinean. The Japan Expedition, 1852-1854: The Personal Journal of Commodore Matthew Perry (Washington. D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1968). 12. Inazo Nitobe. The Intercourse Between the United States and Japan (Baltimore. Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1891) p. 46. 13. Hall. Japan. p. 255. 400 Notes 401 14. Dulles, Yankees and Samurai, p. 63. 15. Thompson, Sentimental Imperialists, p. 67. 16. Quoted in Dulles, Yankees and Samurai, p. 62. 17. Quoted in ibid., p. 63. 18. Hagan, This People's Navy, p. 149. 19. Quoted in George H. Kerr, Okinawa: The History of an Island People (Rutland, Vt: Charles Tuttle, 1958) p. 4. 20. Townsend Harris, Journal. 21. Dulles, Yankees and Samurai, p. 102. 22. Both quotes from ibid., pp. 111, 117. 23. Both quotes ibid., p. 123. 24. Ibid., p. 145. 25. Nitobe, The Intercourse Between the United States and Japan, p. 67. 26. Henry Field, From Egypt to Japan (New York: 1877) p. 424. 27. Thompson, Sentimental Imperialists, p. 73. 28. Dulles, Yankees and Samurai, pp. 133-4. 29. Ibid., p. 169. 30. Ibid., p. 236. 31. Ibid., p. 251. Notes to Chapter 2: Pacific Rival, 1894-1930 1. Among the excellent studies of this period see, Raymond Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan (Seattle: University of Washington, 1966); Charles E. Neu, An Uncertain Friendship: Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 1906-9 (1967); Akira Iriye, Pacific Estrangement: Japanese and American Expan­ sion, 1897-1911 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972); Ernest May and James C. Thompson, eds, American-East Asian Relations: A Sur­ vey (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972); Charles E. Neu. The Troubled Encounter: The United States and Japan (1975). 2. Iriye. Pacific Estrangement. p. 35. 3. Ibid .. p. 54. 4. Joshiah Strong. New Era, or the Coming Kingdom (New York) p. 222. For other prominent American imperial writings, see Charles Morris, Civilization: An Historical Review of its Elements (Chicago. 1890); Benjamin Ide Wheeler, "Greece and the Eastern Question," Atlantic, vol. 79 (June 1897) pp. 722- 32; Alfred Thayer Mahan, Harpers, vol. 95 (September 1897) pp. 523-33. 5. Takahashi Kamekichi, Nihon Kindai Hattatsushi, vol. 1 (Tokyo: Toyokeizai shimposha, 1973) p. 23. 6. John Witney Hall, Japan: From Prehistory to Modern Times (Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1971) p. 300. 7. Quoted in David M. Pletcher, The Awkward Years: American Foreign Rela­ tions under Garfield and Arthur (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1962) p. 70. 8. Quoted in Iriye, Pacific Estrangement, p. 53. 9. Robert Beisner, Twelve Against Empire: The Anti-Imperialists, 1989-1900 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968) pp. 148-50. 10. For different views, see Walter Mills, The Martial Spirit (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee Publishers, 1931, 1989); H. Wayne Morgan, America's Road to Empire 402 Notes (1965); William Appleman William, The Roots of Modern American Empire (1969); Peter W. Stanley, A Nation in the Making: The Philippines and the United States, 1899-1921 (1974); Richard Welch, Response to Imperialism: The United States and the Philippine-American War (1979); Stuart Creighton Miller, "Benevolent Assimilation:" The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1903 (1982); Lewis L. Gould, The Spanish-American War and Pres­ ident McKinley (1982). 11. See Paul A. Varg, The Making of a Myth: The United States and China, 1897-1912 (1968); Marilyn Blatt Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: Amer­ ican China Policy, 1895-1901 (1968); Michael Hunt, The Making of a Spe­ cial Relationship: The United States and China to 1914 (1983). 12. Frederick W. Marks, Velvet on Iron: The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt (Lindon: University of Nebraska Press, 1979) p. 14. 13. Arthur H. Smith, China and America Today: A Study of Conditions and Relations (New York: F. H. Revell, 1909) p. 54. 14. Iriye, Pacific Estrangement, p. 123. 15. Quoted in ibid., p. 198. 16. Both quotes from ibid., 226. 17. Alfred Dennis, Adventures in American Diplomacy, 1896-1906 (New York: 1928) p. 242. 18. Iriye, Pacific Estrangement, p. 83. 19. Roosevelt to Spring Rice, March 19, 1904, Morison, Roosevelt Letters, vol. IV, p. 759. 20. Roosevelt to Theodore Roosevelt, Jr, February 10, 1904, in ibid., vol. IV, p.724. 21. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 101. 22. Iriye, Pacific Estrangement, p. 93. 23. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. II7. 24. Quoted in Iriye, Pacific Estrangement, p. 98. 25. Ibid., p. 100. 26. Ibid., pp. 157-62. 27. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 146. 28. Roosevelt to Hale, October 27, 1906, Morison, Roosevelt Letters, vol. 5, pp.473-5. 29. Roosevelt to George Otto Trevelyan, October 1, 1911, Morison, Roosevelt Letters, vol. 7, p. 1018. 30. See Sadao Senno, "Chess Game with No Checkmate: Admiral Inoue and the Pacific War," Naval War College Review (January-February 1974) pp. 27- 8. 31. Homer Lea, The Valour of Ignorance (New York: Harper & Brothers 1942, 1909). 32. Thomas F. Millard, America and the Far Eastern QUestion (New York: Scribners. 1909) p. 11. 33. See any of my books on Japan. 34. For an overview of Wilson foreign policy, see William Parsons, Wilsonian Diplomacy: Allied-American Rivalries in War and Peace (St Louis, Mo.: Forum Press, 1978); For an interesting psychoanalytical explanation for Wilson's policies see George and Juliette George, Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House: A Personality Study (1956). Notes 403 35. For an excellent overview, see Roy Curry, Woodrow Wilson and Far Eastern Policy, 1913-1921 (1957). 36. See Burton Beers, Vain Endeavor: Robert Lansing's Attempts to End the American-Japanese Rivalry (1962). 37. Arnold Offner, The Origins of the Second World War: American Foreign Policy and World Politics, 1917-1941 (New York: Praeger, 1975) p. 8. 38. See Ernest May, The World War and American Isolation, 1914-1917 (1959); Patrick Devlin, Too Proud To Fight: Woodrow Wilson's Neutrality (1975); John Coogan, The End of Neutrality: The United States, Britain, and Mari­ time Rights, 1899-1915 (1981). 39. See Russell H. Fifield, Woodrow Wilson and the Far East: The Diplomacy of the Shantung Question (1952). 40. For two interesting analyses of the treaty ratification process which attri­ bute the defeat to Wilson's psychological rigidity, see Alexander and Juliette George, Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House, and Edwin Weinstein, Wood­ row Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography (1981). 41. Offner, The Origins of the Second World War, p. 42. 42. Combs, American Foreign Policy, p. 247. 43. For an excellent account of this period, see Akira Iriye, After Imperialism: The Search for a New Order in the Far East, 1921-31 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965). 44. Sadao Asada, "Japan's 'Special Interests' and the Washington Conference, 1921-22," American Historical Review, vol. 67 (October 1961) pp. 62-70. 45. Offner, Origins of the Second World War, p. 84. 46. Hall, Japan, p. 318. 47. Offner, The Origins of the Second World War, p. 72. 48. Ibid., pp. 86, 88. Notes to Chapter 3: The Road to War, 1931-41 1. For a highly critical account of the Hoover administration policy toward the Manchuria crisis, see Justus D. Doenecke, When the Wicked Arise: Amer­ ican Opinion Makers and the Manchurian Crisis, 1931-33 (Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell University Press, 1984). For an overview of the entire decade, see Gerald Haines, "American Myopia and the Japanese Monroe Doctrine, 1931- 41," Prologue, vol. 13 (Spring 1981) pp. 101-14. For two very different views of Roosevelt's foreign policy, see the laud­ atory vision of Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945,2 vols (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); and the derogatory opinion of Frederick W. Marks, Wind Over Sand: The Di­ plomacy of Franklin Roosevelt (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988). 2. Arnold Offner, The Origins of the Second World War: American Foreign Policy and World Politics, 1917-1941 (New York: Praeger, 1975) p. 99. 3. Sadao Asada, "Japan's 'Special Interests' and the Washington Conference, 1921-22," American Historical Review, vol. 67 (October 1961) pp.