LIFE AND WATER ON KARST Monitoring of transboundary water resources of Northern Istria LIFE AND WATER ON KARST ON LIFE AND WATER Editors Nadja Zupan Hajna, Nataša Ravbar, Josip Rubinić, Metka Petrič REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA GOVERNMENT OFFICE FOR DEVELOPMENT AND EUROPEAN COHESION POLICY Operacijo delno financira Evropska unija Operaciju dijelomično financira Europska unija Evropski sklad za regionalni razvoj Europski fond za regionalni razvoj Ovitek brosirano Life and water on Karst PRESS 5-5-17.indd 1 5/5/17 07:08:28 Editors Nadja Zupan Hajna, Nataša Ravbar, Josip Rubinić, Metka Petrič LIFE AND WATER ON KARST Monitoring of transboundary water resources of Northern Istria Authors of the chapters Ranko Biondić, Clarissa Brun, Tamara Crnko, Sonja Diković, Janja Kogovšek, Alenka Koželj, Franc Malečkar, Andrej Mihevc, Bojan Otoničar, Metka Petrič, Tanja Pipan, Gorazd Pretnar, Maja Radišić, Nataša Ravbar, Josip Rubinić, Igor Ružić, Nadja Zupan Hajna The monograph was published within the Project “ŽIVO! Life – Water” in the frame of transboundary Programme Slovenia-Croatia 2007-2013 (IPA CBC SI-HR 2007-2013) Project Partners • Region of Istria • Karst Research Institute at the Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts • Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Rijeka • Public Institution Natura Histrica • National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food 2017 Editors Nadja Zupan Hajna, Nataša Ravbar, Josip Rubinić, Metka Petrič LIFE AND WATER ON KARST Monitoring of transboundary water resources of Northern Istria Authors of the chapters Ranko Biondić, Clarissa Brun, Tamara Crnko, Sonja Diković, Janja Kogovšek, Alenka Koželj, Franc Malečkar, Andrej Mihevc, Bojan Otoničar, Metka Petrič, Tanja Pipan, Gorazd Pretnar, Maja Radišić, Nataša Ravbar, Josip Rubinić, Igor Ružić, Nadja Zupan Hajna Reviewed by Gregor Kovačič, Andrej Kranjc, Janez Mulec Translation and language review Hugh Brown, Roger Metcalfe, Peter Altshul, Pavle Perenčević (Amidas d.o.o.), David C. Culver Layout Rudolf Z d.o.o. Issued by Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU SI – 6230 Postojna - Titov trg 2, Slovenia http://www.zrc-sazu.si Represented by Tadej Slabe Published by Založba ZRC For the publisher Oto Luthar Editor-in-chief Aleš Pogačnik Printed by Collegium Graphicum d.o.o. in 300 copies Cover photo from “Water - Life!” in Istria competition Julien Duval, Old mill on the river Rečina, Kotli, Istria First edition, second print run Postojna 2017 Digitalna verzija (pdf) je pod pogoji licence https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ prosto dostopna: https://doi.org/10.3986/9789610503743. CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 551.44(497.472+497.571)(082) 556(497.472+497.571)(082) LIFE and water on Karst : monitoring of transboundary water resources of Northern Istria / authors of the chapters Ranko Biondić ... [et al.] ; editors Nadja Zupan Hajna ... [et al.] ; [translation Hugh Brown ... et al.]. - 1st ed., 2nd print run. - Ljubljana : Založba ZRC, 2017 ISBN 978-961-254-819-3 (trda vezava) ISBN 978-961-05-0001-8 (broš.) 1. Biondić, Ranko 2. Zupan Hajna, Nadja 289947648 LIST OF THE AUTHORS WITH ADDRESSES LIST OF THE AUTHORS WITH ADDRESSES In alphabetical order Biondić Ranko, Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, University of Zagreb, e-mail: [email protected] Brun Clarissa, National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, e-mail: [email protected] Crnko Tamara, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Rijeka, e-mail: [email protected] Diković Sonja, Public Health Institute, Region of Istria, e-mail: [email protected] Kogovšek Janja, Karst Research Institute at the Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, e-mail: [email protected] Koželj Alenka, National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, e-mail: [email protected] Malečkar Franc, Caving Club Dimnice Koper, e-mail: [email protected] Mihevc Andrej, Karst Research Institute at the Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, e-mail: [email protected] Otoničar Bojan, Karst Research Institute at the Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, e-mail: [email protected] Petrič Metka, Karst Research Institute at the Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, e-mail: [email protected] Pipan Tanja, Karst Research Institute at the Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, e-mail: [email protected] Pretnar Gorazd, National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, e-mail: [email protected] Radišić Maja, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Rijeka, e-mail: [email protected] Ravbar Nataša, Karst Research Institute at the Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, e-mail: [email protected] Rubinić Josip, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Rijeka, e-mail: [email protected] Ružić Igor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Rijeka, e-mail: [email protected] Zupan Hajna Nadja, Karst Research Institute at the Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, e-mail: [email protected] iii CONTENTS CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................vi PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................................vii INTRODUCTION TO THE KARST AND WATERS OF THE NORTHERN ISTRIA ...................................................................................................................... 1 Josip Rubinić, Metka Petrič, Nataša Ravbar, Nadja Zupan Hajna, Sonja Diković, Janja Kogovšek, Alenka Koželj I. KARST IN GENERAL WHAT IS KARST? ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Nadja Zupan Hajna SPECIFICS OF KARST HYDROLOGY ...................................................................................................... 16 Metka Petrič, Josip Rubinić ENVIRONMENTAL VALUE AND VULNERABILITY OF KARST RESOURCES ............................................................................................................................ 23 Nataša Ravbar, Janja Kogovšek, Tanja Pipan II. STUDY AREA: NORTHERN ISTRIA LOCATION, TOPOGRAPHY, CLIMATE .................................................................................................. 36 Andrej Mihevc OVERVIEW OF THE GEOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 43 Bojan Otoničar OVERVIEW OF THE HYDROGEOLOGY ................................................................................................. 60 Ranko Biondić, Metka Petrič, Josip Rubinić THE ROLE OF EPIKARST FAUNA AS INDICATORS OF SUBTERRANEAN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM HEALTH ...................................................................... 75 Tanja Pipan RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAN AND WATER THROUGHOUT HISTORY .................................... 82 Tamara Crnko, Josip Rubinić, Franc Malečkar iv CONTENTS III. KARST WATER RESOURCES MONITORING HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS ............................................................................................................. 94 Josip Rubinić, Maja Radišić, Nataša Ravbar, Metka Petrič, Igor Ružić, Tamara Crnko GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN CHANGING HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS AND COMPARISON WITH THE RESULTS OF LONG-TERM MONITORING ................................ 105 Sonja Diković, Alenka Koželj ASSESSMENT OF FLOW DYNAMICS AND SOLUTE TRANSPORT BASED ON THE MONITORING OF A FLOOD PULSE ....................................................................... 124 Metka Petrič, Nataša Ravbar, Clarissa Brun, Ranko Biondić, Janja Kogovšek MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED KARST SPRINGS.................................. 135 Gorazd Pretnar MONITORING THE QUANTITATIVE STATUS AND QUALITY OF KARST WATER SOURCES ...................................................................................... 143 Nataša Ravbar, Metka Petrič, Josip Rubinić, Sonja Diković, Alenka Koželj, Tanja Pipan, Janja Kogovšek Photo from “Water - Life!” in Istria competition; author: Josip Madračević v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The monograph was done and published in the frame of project ŽIVO! Življenje – voda! (Life – Water!) (IPA CBC SI-HR 2007-2013) as an activity of the project partners Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU, Faculty of Civil Engineer- ing of Rijeka, and the National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Koper Unit, with the assistance of the lead partner Region of Istria and also the project partner Natura Histrica Public Institution, which merit major thanks for their assistance in its creation. The financing source for the monograph was the IPA Programme of Transboundary Cooperation between Slovenia and Croatia 2007-2013, in the implementation period 01/2014 to 09/2015. The preparation of the monograph, as well as setting up the observation networks, sampling and analysis of results obtained, involved the collaboration of numerous institutions and individuals that each in their own way con- tributed to the book. Their work is not reflected in the form of their own published work, but we thank them here for their assistance and cooperation. In addition to the above-mentioned partner institutions, special recognition is due to the Buje Speleological Society for its willingness to set up and carry out monitoring in selected