ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS SERIES Volume 2. Methodologies for Assessing Bt Cotton in Brazil ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS SERIES Titles available Volume 1. A Case Study of Bt Maize in Kenya Edited by A. Hilbeck and D.A. Andow Volume 2. Methodologies for Assessing Bt Cotton in Brazil Edited by A. Hilbeck, D.A. Andow and E.M.G. Fontes ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS Volume 2. Methodologies for Assessing Bt Cotton in Brazil Edited by Angelika Hilbeck Geobotanical Institute Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland David A. Andow Department of Entomology University of Minnesota Minnesota, USA and Eliana M.G. Fontes Embrapa Cenargen Brasília, Brazil Series Editors A.R. Kapuscinski and P.J. Schei CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 875 Massachusetts Wallingford Avenue, 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi-publishing.org ©CAB International 2006. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro- duced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress, Washington, DC. ISBN-10: 1-84593-000-2 ISBN-13: 978-1-84593-000-4 Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India. Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn. Contents Contributors vii Series Foreword xiii Preface xvii 1 Improving the Scientific Basis for Environmental Risk Assessment through the Case Study of Bt Cotton in Brazil D.A. Andow, P.A.V. Barroso, E.M.G. Fontes, M.F. Grossi-de-Sa, A. Hilbeck and G.P. Fitt 1 2 The Cotton Agricultural Context in Brazil E.M.G. Fontes, F. de Souza Ramalho, E. Underwood, P.A.V. Barroso, M.F. Simon, E.R. Sujii, C.S.S. Pires, N. Beltrão, W.A. Lucena and E.C. Freire 21 3 Consideration of Problem Formulation and Option Assessment for Bt Cotton in Brazil D.M.F. Capalbo, M.F. Simon, R.O. Nodari, S. Valle, R.F. dos Santos, L. Coradin, J. de O. Duarte, J.E. Miranda, E.P.F. Dias, Le Quang Quyen, E. Underwood and K.C. Nelson 67 4 Transgene Expression and Locus Structure of Bt Cotton M.F. Grossi-de-Sa, W. Lucena, M.L. Souza, A.L. Nepomuceno, E.O. Osir, N. Amugune, Tran Thi Cuc Hoa, Truong Nam Hai, D.A. Somers and E. Romano 93 v vi Contents 5 Methodology to Support Non-Target and Biodiversity Risk Assessment A. Hilbeck, D.A. Andow, S. Arpaia, A.N.E. Birch, E.M.G. Fontes, G.L. Lövei, E.R. Sujii, R.E. Wheatley and E. Underwood 108 6 Non-Target and Biodiversity Impacts on Non-Target Herbivorous Pests E.R. Sujii, G.L. Lövei, M. Sétamou, P. Silvie, M.G. Fernandes, G.S.J. Dubois and R.P. Almeida 133 7 Non-Target and Biodiversity Impacts on Pollinators and Flower-Visiting Insects S. Arpaia, V.L.I. Fonseca, C.S. Pires and F.A. Silveira 155 8 Assessing the Effects of Bt Cotton on Generalist Arthropod Predators M.R. de Faria, J.G. Lundgren, E.M.G. Fontes, O.A. Fernandes, F. Schmidt, Nguyen Van Tuat and D.A. Andow 175 9 Non-Target and Biodiversity Impacts on Parasitoids A. Pallini, P. Silvie, R.G. Monnerat, F. de S. Ramalho, J.M. Songa and A.N.E. Birch 200 10 Non-Target and Biodiversity Impacts in Soil L.C. Mendonça Hagler, I.S. de Melo, M.C. Valadares-Inglis, B.M. Anyango, J.O. Siqueira, Pham Van Toan and R.E. Wheatley 225 11 Assessing Gene Flow from Bt Cotton in Brazil and its Possible Consequences J.A. Johnston, C. Mallory-Smith, C.L. Brubaker, F. Gandara, F.J.L. Aragão, P.A.V. Barroso, Vu Duc Quang, L.P. de Carvalho, P. Kageyama, A.Y. Ciampi, M. Fuzatto, V. Cirino and E.C. Freire 261 12 Resistance Risks of Bt Cotton and their Management in Brazil G.P. Fitt, C. Omoto, A.H. Maia, J.M. Waquil, M. Caprio, M.A. Okech, E. Cia, Nguyen Huu Huan and D.A. Andow 300 13 Supporting Risk Assessment of Bt Cotton in Brazil: Synthesis and Recommendations D.A. Andow, E.M.G. Fontes, A. Hilbeck, J. Johnston, D.M.F. Capalbo, K.C. Nelson, E. Underwood, G.P. Fitt, E.R. Sujii, S. Arpaia, A.N.E. Birch, A. Pallini and R.E. Wheatley 346 Index 363 Contributors R.P. de Almeida, Embrapa Cotton, Rua Osvaldo Cruz 1143, Centenário, Caixa Postal 174, Campina Grande, 58107 720 PB, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] N.O. Amugune, Plant Biotechnologist/Geneticist, Department of Botany, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, Chiromo Campus, PO Box 30197 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya. e-mail: [email protected] D.A. Andow, Professor of Insect Ecology, Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 219 Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA. e-mail: [email protected] B.M. Anyango, Senior Lecturer, Microbiology/Molecular Biology, Department of Botany, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, Chiromo Campus, PO Box 30197-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya. e-mail: banyango@ uonbi.ac.ke F.J.L. Aragão, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (Cenargen), Parque Estacão Biológica, Av. W5 Norte – Final, Brasília, 70770-900 DF, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] S. Arpaia, Researcher, Department of Biotechnology/Health and Environ- ment Protection, ENEA – Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Environment, Research Centre Trisaia, SS 106 Ionica km 419+500, Rotondella, I-75026 MT, Italy. e-mail: salvatore.arpaia@trisaia. enea.it P.A.V. Barroso, Embrapa Cotton, Rua Osvaldo Cruz 1143, Centenário, Caixa Postal 174, Campina Grande, 58107 720 PB, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] N.E. de M. Beltrão, Embrapa Cotton, Embrapa, Rua Osvaldo Cruz 1143, Centenário, Caixa Postal 174, Campina Grande, 58107 720 PB, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] vii viii Contributors A.N.E. Birch, Research Entomologist, Host Parasite Coevolution, Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK. e-mail: [email protected] C.L. Brubaker, Senior Research Scientist, Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. e-mail: [email protected] D.M.F. Capalbo, Embrapa Environment – Meio Ambiente (CNPMA), Rodovia SP 340, Km 127.5, CP 69, Tanquinho Velho, Jaguariúna, CEP 13820-000 SP, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] M. Caprio, Professor, Insect Genetics, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Box 9775, MS 39762, USA. e-mail: [email protected] L.P. de Carvalho, Assistant Director of Research and Development, Embrapa Cotton, Rua Osvaldo Cruz 1143, Centenário, Caixa Postal 174, Campina Grande, 58107 720 PB, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] E. Cia, Centro Exp. de Algodão, Instituto Agronomico de Sao Paolo, Av. Barão Itapura 1481, CP 28, Campinas, 13020-902 SP, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] A.Y. Ciampi, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (Cenargen), Parque Estacão Biológica, Av. W5 Norte – Final, Brasília, 70770-900 DF, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] V.M. Cirino, Researcher, Instituto Agronomico do Paraná, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid – KM 375, C.P. 481, Londrina, 86001-970 PR, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] L. Coradin, Department of the National Programme for Biodiversity Conservation, IBAMA, Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bl B sala 819, Brasília, 70068-900 DF, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] E.P.F. Diads, Assessora da Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa (Consultant for the National Commission for Ethics in Research), Conselho Nacional da Sáude, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Brasília, DF, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] J. de O. Duarte, Researcher, Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Rod. MG 424 km 65, Cx. Postal 151, Sete Lagoas, 35701-970 MG, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] G.S.J. Dubois, Coordinator of GMO Environmental Licensing, Coordenação Geral de Licenciamento Ambiental, IBAMA (Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Renewable Resources), SCEN Trecho 02 – Ed. Sede do Ibama, Bloco C, Brasília, 70818-900 DF, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] M.R. de Faria, Entomologist, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (Cenargen), Parque Estacão Biológica, Av. W5 Norte – Final, Brasília, 70770-900 DF, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] M.G. Fernandes, Professor of Entomology and Ecology, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, CP 533, Dourados, 79804-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. e-mail: mgfernan@ ceud.ufms.br Contributors ix O.A. Fernandes, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Depto. Fitossanidade/FCAV, Rod. Prof. Paulo D. Castellane, km 5, Jaboticabal, 14884-900 SP, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] G.P. Fitt, Strategy Director, CSIRO Entomology, Long Pocket Laboratories, 120 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, QLD 4068, Australia. e-mail: [email protected] V.L.I. Fonseca, Ecology Department, Universidade de Sao Paolo, Rua do Matão-Travessa 14, 321, Butantã/Cidade Universitária, Sao Paolo, 05508-900 SP, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] E.M.G. Fontes, Leading Scientist, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (Cenargen), Parque Estacão Biológica, Av. W5 Norte – Final, Brasília, 70770-900 DF, Brazil. e-mail: [email protected] E.C. Freire, Embrapa Cotton, Rua Osvaldo Cruz 1143, Centenário, Caixa Postal 174, Campina Grande, 58107 720 PB, Brazil.