REPORT ON THE STATE OF PASTORALISTS’ HUMAN RIGHTS IN TANZANIA: SURVEY OF TEN DISTRICTS OF TANZANIA MAINLAND 2010/2011 [Area Surveyed: Handeni, Kilindi, Bagamoyo, Kibaha, Iringa-Rural, Morogoro, Mvomero, Kilosa, Mbarali and Kiteto Districts] Cover Picture: Maasai warriors dancing at the initiation ceremony of Mr. Kipulelia Kadege’s children in Handeni District, Tanga Region, April 2006. PAICODEO Tanzania Funded By: IWGIA, Denmark 1 REPORT ON THE STATE OF PASTORALISTS’ HUMAN RIGHTS IN TANZANIA: SURVEY OF TEN DISTRICTS OF TANZANIA MAINLAND 2010/2011 [Area Surveyed: Handeni, Kilindi, Bagamoyo, Kibaha, Iringa-Rural, Morogoro-Rural, Mvomero, Kilosa, Mbarali and Kiteto Districts] PARAKUIYO PASTORALISTS INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION-(PAICODEO) Funded By: IWGIA, Denmark i REPORT ON THE STATE OF PASTORALISTS’ RIGHTS IN TANZANIA: SURVEY OF TEN DISTRICTS OF TANZANIA MAINLAND 2010/2011 Researchers Legal and Development Consultants Limited (LEDECO Advocates) Writer Adv. Clarence KIPOBOTA (Advocate of the High Court) Publisher Parakuiyo Pastoralists Indigenous Community Development Organization © PAICODEO March, 2013 ISBN: 978-9987-9726-1-6 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... vii FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................viii Legal Status and Objectives of PAICODEO ...........................................................viii Vision ......................................................................................................................viii Mission ...................................................................................................................viii About this Report ..................................................................................................viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.........................................................................................................x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. xiii CHAPTER ONE .......................................................................................................................1 General Overview .................................................................................................................1 1.1 Geographical Location and History of Tanzania ....................................................... 1.1.1 Geographical Location ................................................................................ 1 1.1.2 Brief History of Tanzania ............................................................................. 1 1.2 Natural Resources and Economic Activities ........................................................... .1 1.2.1 Natural Resources ........................................................................................ 1 1.2.2 Main Economic Activities .............................................................................2 1.3 Population and Cultural Information about Maasai Communities ........................ 4 1.3.1 Population Size, Growth and Density (Generally) ..................................... 4 1.3.2 Cultural Information about Maasai Communities ......................................5 1.3.2.1 General Cultural Information.................................................................5 1.3.2.2 Brief Narration of the Origin and Culture of Maasai ............................5 1.3.2.3 Maasai as an Indigenous Peoples in Tanzania and Africa ....................7 1.3.2.4 Tanzanian Legal Framework on Recognition of Indigenous Communities ......................................................................................... 8 1.4 Political and Administrative Governance................................................................ 8 CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................................10 Civil And Political Rights ......................................................................................................10 2.1 Recognition of Civil and Political Rights in Tanzania .............................................10 2.2 Situation of Enforcement of Some of those Rights to Maasai Communities ......10 2.2.1 Right to Life ................................................................................................10 2.2.2 Freedom from Torture/ Extra-Judicial killings ........................................... 12 2.2.3 Intimidation and Persecution of Human Rights Defenders .....................14 iii 2.2.4 Arbitrary Arrests and Detention of Maasai Community Members ..........16 2.2.5 Access to Justice/ Equality before the Law ............................................... 17 2.2.6 Right to Take Part in Governance of the Country .......................................19 2.3 Protection of Special Groups within Maasai Communities ......................................22 2.3.1 Recognition of Special Groups within the Communities .........................22 2.3.2 Right of Children: The Orphans ................................................................22 2.3.3 Right of Women: The Widows ..................................................................23 2.3.4 Traditional Norms: Breaking the Myth .....................................................25 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................ 27 Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ............................................................................... 27 3.1 Recognition of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Tanzania ........................27 3.2 Situation of Enforcement of Some of Those Rights to Maasai Communities .....27 3.2.1 Right to Own Property: Land and Livestock as Sources of Maasai Livelihood ...................................................................................................27 3.2.1.1 Land Grabbing for Wildlife Conservation Reasons ........................... 28 3.2.1.2 Land Grabbing for Investment Reasons ............................................. 31 3.2.1.3 Land Grabbing for Agricultural Development Reasons ....................32 3.2.1.4 Land Grabbing for Administrative and Political Reasons ...................35 3.2.1.5 Destocking as Denial of Right to Property .........................................37 3.2.2 Right to Work: Grazing, Farming and Employment ................................. 39 3.2.2.1 Right to Work as Constitutional Right ............................................... 39 3.2.2.2 Limited Access to Grazing and Farming Areas .................................. 39 3.2.2.3 Denial of Employment Opportunities and Good Working Conditions .....41 3.2.3 Right to Education (Formal and Informal) ................................................42 3.2.3.1 General Overview of Rights to Education: Position of Informal Education................................42 3.2.3.2 Maasai Awareness on the Importance of Education ........................ 43 3.2.3.3 Situation of Enrolment and Drop-outs.............................................. .44 3.2.3.4 Performance Rates .................................................................................... 45 3.2.3.5 Question of Accessibility ............................................................................ 45 3.2.3.6 Status of Secondary School Level ............................................................. 46 3.2.3.7 Adequacy of Teachers and Facilities .......................................................... 46 3.2.3.8 Effects of Evictions to Education................................................................47 3.2.4 Right to Health Services .............................................................................47 3.2.4.1 No nearby Dispensaries ............................................................................. 48 3.2.4.2 Expenses Associated with Accessibility of Health Services .............. 49 3.2.4.3 Dispensaries Available but No Doctors and Adequate Medicines ... 49 3.2.5 Cultural Rights: Negative Perception About Pastoralism and Denial of iv Access to Ancestor Forest for Rituals ....................................................... 51 3.2.5.1 Negative perceptions and Myths about Pastoralists ................................ 51 3.2.5.2 Denial of Access to Ancestral Forest for Rituals activities .................52 CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................. 53 Collective Rights ................................................................................................................. 53 4.1 Meaning and Recognition of Collective Rights in Tanzania ..................................53 4.2 Situation of Enforcement of Some of Those Rights to Maasai Communities .....53 4.2.1 Right to Access to Natural Resources .......................................................53 4.2.1.1 Evictions and Denial of Accessing Natural Resources: Irreparable Harms .................................................................................................. 54 4.2.1.2 Criminalization of Entrance to Natural Resources ............................ 54 4.2.1.3 Limited Access to Wildlife ‘Reserved’ Areas ......................................55 4.2.1.4 Limited Access to Forestry Resources: Maasai and Sustainability of Forests ..................................................................................................55