БЪЛГАРСКА АКАДЕМИЯ НА НАУКИТЕ ИНСТИТУТ ПО ЕЛЕКТРОНИКА “АКАДЕМИК ЕМИЛ ДЖАКОВ” BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS “ACADEMICIAN EMIL DJAKOV” EMIL DJAKOV INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS ANNUAL REPORT 2012 Dedicated to the Institute’s 50th Anniversary Editors: Ch. Ghelev and N. Guerassimov Contents Page 50th Anniversary of Academician Emil Djakov Institute of Electronics 4 Institute of Electronics on the Eve of its 50th Anniversary 8 Laboratories: 11 ● Plasma Physics and Engineering 13 ● Physical Problems of Ion Technologies 20 ● Physical Problems of Electron Beam Technologies 24 ● Superconductivity and Cryoelectronics 32 ● Micro- and Nano-Photonics 36 ● Biophotonics 41 ● Laser Systems 51 ● Nonlinear and Fiber Optics 56 ● Laser Radars 59 ● Microwave Physics and Technologies 69 ● Microwave Magnetics 73 ● Physical Technologies 79 Selected Projects: 81 ● Modeling and Simulation of Gyrotrons for ITER 83 ● Regeneration of Materials by Electron Beam Melting and 91 Refining of Refractory Metals and Alloys in Vacuum ● Plasmon and Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles and 97 their Application to High-Sensitivity Raman Spectroscopy and Biophotonics ● High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Cs Vapor Confined in 100 Micron-Thickness Optical Cells ● Aerosols, Clouds, and Trace-Gasses Research Infrastructure 106 Network (ACTRIS) ● Improving the Resolution of Thomson Scattering Lidars by 114 Application of Novel Deconvolution-Based Algorithms ● Development and Introduction of Optical Biopsy System for 119 Early Diagnostic of Malignant Tumors ● Coherent Optics Sensors for Medical Applications (COSMA) 124 Scientific Events: 125 ● Tenth Anniversary International Conference on Electron Beam 127 Technologies (EBT’2012) ● Seventeenth International School on Quantum Electronics Laser 129 Physics and Applications (ISQE’2012) Awards 133 4 50th Anniversary of E. Djakov Institute of Electronics 50th ANNIVERSARY OF ACADEMICIAN EMIL DJAKOV INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS In 2013, the Academician Emil Djakov intellectual and material enrichment and to Institute of Electronics of the Bulgarian widening humankind’s scientific horizons. Academy of Sciences turns 50. It was Through the years, the Institute’s established on September 27, 1962, by a research field and structure have Resolution of Bulgaria’s National developed dynamically in response to the Assembly and began its independent changes taking place in the main trends existence in 1963 based on the Physical in applied physics and technologies: and Applied Electronics Section formed materials science and technologies, in 1948 at the Institute of Physics of the physics of nano-sized objects and BAS by the Institute of Electronics’ nanotechnologies, nanoelectronics, founder, first Director and builder, photonics, opto-electronics, quantum Academician Emil Djakov. Initially, the optics, environmental physics and Institute had 30 employees and comprised monitoring, biomedical photonics and two sections and two laboratories located biomedical applications. on the fourth floor of the Institute of The Institute’s main areas of scientific Physics’ new building. According to the development have been preserved, while Resolution of September 27, 1962, the the specific research today takes into Institute of Electronics’ scope of activities account the contemporary problems and was academic research in the fields of requirements, the world-wide tendencies cathode electronics, electro-vacuum and Bulgaria’s specificity and traditions. microwave devices, quantum electronics The research efforts in physical and applied electronics. At the time, the electronics are concentrated on studying term Electronics included the set of and solving the problems of generating fundamental knowledge, technologies and and controlling electron and ion beams algorithms for the development and and their interaction with materials. This manufacture of the electronic components includes theoretical modeling, modern necessary for creating modern techniques, research and industrial communications, computing equipment equipment for micro- and nano- and information technologies. The structuring, thin films deposition and Institute was relied on to become the study, modification of surfaces, vacuum academic motor in the drive of laying the melting and welding of metals by intense scientific foundations and forming the electron beams. The physical basis is research cadres necessary for the nascent being formed of creating nanostructures, electronic stage of Bulgaria’s nanomaterials and nanoelements by development. using electron and ion beams. In its quality of a part of the Bulgarian Furthermore, fundamental properties are Academy of Sciences, the Institute’s being investigated of gasses and gas mission is to acquire, accumulate and plasma, plasma arcs and plasma torches disseminate scientific knowledge and in view of developing diagnostic technologies in its research field, thus techniques and applications in thin films contributing to Bulgarian people’s deposition and plasma chemistry. 5 Annual Report IE 2012 The research in photonics and quantum for gas lasers; particularities in the electronics comprises theoretical and interaction of electron and ion beams with experimental studies on the interaction of materials; electromagnetically induced short and ultrashort lasers pulses with absorption in Hanle configuration. matter; development of novel During the 50 years of the Institute’s nanostructuring technologies; laser thin- existence, its scientists have published films deposition and treatment; light- over 7000 scientific papers that have been induced absorption and transmission in cited more than 4500 times. The Institute alkaline vapors; development of complex has taken an active part in the international laser systems for analysis and modification scientific cooperation by establishing of semiconducting and superconducting partnerships with scientific research materials; theoretical and experimental institutions of the USA, Russia, France, investigation of non-linear optical Germany, Japan, India, Italy, Poland, the phenomena; biomedical photonics. Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, The research efforts in radiophysics are Sweden, Ukraine, Canada, Finland, and directed to clarifying the processes of Vietnam. In recent years, in its interaction of optical and microwave collaboration with the European scientific electromagnetic radiation with the research institutions, the Institute has atmosphere and the Earth’s surface; placed the accent on joint work within the developing experimental systems for laser framework of the European priority remote sensing and monitoring of the research programs. atmosphere; microwave remote The Institute has represented Bulgaria radiometric measurement of soil moisture in international scientific organization, content; developing algorithms and such as the International Institute for techniques for signals and information Weights and Measures, the International processing; constructing microwave units Laboratory of Low Temperatures and High and systems for radar and communication Magnetic Fields in Wroclaw, Poland, the applications; studying non-linear processes European Physical Union, the International in optical communication media. New Union for Pure and Applied Physics, the ferrite devices with micrometric International Union on Vacuum Physics dimensions were developed with and Applications, the International possibility for higher degree of integration. Radiosciences Union, the NATO Active research on gyro-magnetic Advanced Study Institute, as well as in the materials is underway, in view of reaching editorial boards of reputable international higher frequency ranges, especially mm- scientific journals. waves for wireless communications and The following important innovative protection from powerful microwave technologies and devices have been radiation. developed for the first time in Bulgaria in In all three fields of research, the laboratory conditions, mastered Institute’s scientists have achieved technologically and made available to the internationally-recognized priority by Bulgarian industry and economy: lasers, discovering new physical phenomena and lidars, plasma torches, electro-optical relations, among which are ion channeling converters with a micro-channel plate; in the semi-channels of a crystal surface technology for optical fibers production; and hyperchanneling at grazing angles; electron and ion projectors; ion ion-stimulated sorption; plasma electrodes technologies and systems for deposition of 6 50th Anniversary of E. Djakov Institute of Electronics thin wear-resistant coatings; low-noise sensing of soil moisture, electron beam parametric solid-state microwave and plasma technologies, microwave solid- amplifiers; line- and stripline circulators; state electronics. In this context, a series converters; microwave absorbers; of expeditions have been organized microwave amplifiers, SQUID devices; and temporary stationary measuring portable microwave moisture meters for laboratories established in different parts bulk materials; microwave radiometers of Bulgaria with the purpose of laser and systems for remote soil moisture remote studies of the atmospheric sensing; a mobile laboratory for remote pollution intensity and dynamics over microwave sensing of sea and land urban areas (Velingrad, Razlog, Devnya, surfaces; magnetometers based on various Silistra (BG) - Kalarash (RO)); remote principles; electron lithography systems microwave remote soil moisture sensing and installations