ADMINISTRATION AND POLITICS IN TRIPURA MA [Political Science] Third Semester POLS 905 E EDCN 803C [ENGLISH EDITION] Directorate of Distance Education TRIPURA UNIVERSITY Reviewer Dr Biswaranjan Mohanty Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, SGTB Khalsa College, University of Delhi Authors: Neeru Sood, Units (1.4.3, 1.5, 1.10, 2.3-2.5, 2.9, 3.3-3.5, 3.9, 4.2, 4.4-4.5, 4.9) © Reserved, 2017 Pradeep Kumar Deepak, Units (1.2-1.4.2, 4.3) © Pradeep Kumar Deepak, 2017 Ruma Bhattacharya, Units (1.6, 2.2, 3.2) © Ruma Bhattacharya, 2017 Vikas Publishing House, Units (1.0-1.1, 1.7-1.9, 1.11, 2.0-2.1, 2.6-2.8, 2.10, 3.0-3.1, 3.6-3.8, 3.10, 4.0-4.1, 4.6-4.8, 4.10) © Reserved, 2017 Books are developed, printed and published on behalf of Directorate of Distance Education, Tripura University by Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material, protected by this copyright notice may not be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form of by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the DDE, Tripura University & Publisher. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD. E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: 7361, Ravindra Mansion, Ram Nagar, New Delhi – 110 055 Website: www.vikaspublishing.com Email: [email protected] SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE Administration and Politics in Tripura Syllabi Mapping in Book Unit - I 1. Tripura-The Land-The People-Religion and Language. Unit 1: History of Tripura 2. State Formation in Ancient Tripura. (Pages 3-60) 3. History of Tripura Raj-Ancient, Medieval, Modern. Rise, Reform and Recline of the Raj: Tripura’s Ties with Tagore. 4. Tripura’s Merge with the Indian Union. Unit - II 1. Political Institutions in Princely Tripura. Unit 2: Administration in Tripura 2. General Administration. (Pages 61-95) 3. Revenue Administrations. 4. Welfare Administration Schemes. Unit - III 1. Transformation of Political Status of Tripura. Unit 3: Politics and Movements 2. Electoral Politics-Political Parties-Regional Politics. in Tripura 3. Pressure Groups. (Pages 97-136) 4. Movements-Movements by GMP, Naxalite Movements, Peasant Movements, Labour Movements, etc. Unit - IV 1. Process of Decentralization-Subdivision, Districts, Block, Unit 4: Decentralization and Human Panchayat, ADC. Development 2. Socio-Cultural Dynamics in Tripura. in Tripura 3. Insurgency and Human Security. (Pages 137-178) 4. Human Development in Tripura. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 UNIT 1 HISTORY OFTRIPURA 3-60 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Unit Objectives 1.2 Tripura: The Land, The People, Religion and Language 1.2.1 Tripura: The Land 1.2.2 People 1.2.3 Language and Religion 1.3 State Formation in Ancient Tripura 1.3.1 Ancient Period 1.3.2 Pre-colonial Manikya Period 1.4 History of Tripura Raj: Ancient, Medieval and Modern 1.4.1 Ancient Period 1.4.2 Pre-colonial or Medieval Period 1.4.3 Modern Period 1.5 Rise, Reform and Recline of the Raj: Tripura’s Ties with Tagore 1.5.1 Tripura’s Ties with Tagore 1.6 Tripura’s Merger with the Indian Union 1.7 Summary 1.8 Key Terms 1.9 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.10 Questions and Exercises 1.11 Further Reading UNIT 2 ADMINISTRATION IN TRIPURA 61-95 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Unit Objectives 2.2 Political Institutions in Princely Tripura 2.3 General Administration 2.4 Revenue Administration 2.4.1 Achievements of the Revenue Department in Tripura 2.4.2 Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960 2.4.3 Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms Rules, 1980 2.5 Welfare Administration: Schemes 2.5.1 District Health and Family Welfare Society 2.5.2 Achievements of the Tribal Welfare Department in Education, Economic and Infrastructure Development in the State of Tripura 2.6 Summary 2.7 Key Terms 2.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 2.9 Questions and Exercises 2.10 Further Reading UNIT 3 POLITICS AND MOVEMENTS IN TRIPURA 97-136 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Unit Objectives 3.2 Transformation of Political Status of Tripura 3.2.1 Statehood Movement of Tripura: First Phase 3.2.2 Statehood Movement: Second Phase 3.3 Electoral Politics: Political Parties and Regional Politics 3.4 Pressure Groups 3.4.1 Types of Pressure Groups 3.4.2 Pressure Groups in Tripura 3.5 Movements by Ganamukti Parishad, Naxalites, Peasants and Labour 3.5.1 Movements by Ganamukti Parishad 3.5.2 Naxalite Movement 3.5.3 Peasant and Labour Movements 3.6 Summary 3.7 Key Terms 3.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 3.9 Questions and Exercises 3.10 Further Reading UNIT 4 DECENTRALIZATIONAND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN TRIPURA 137-178 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Unit Objectives 4.2 Process of Decentralization: Sub-Divisions, Districts, Blocks, Panchayat, ADC 4.3 Socio-cultural Dynamics in Tripura 4.3.1 Social Condition in Tripura ever since the 19th Century 4.3.2 Art and Architecture 4.4 Insurgency and Human Security 4.4.1 Recent Activities of Insurgent Groups in Tripura 4.4.2 Violation of Human Rights and Human Security by Security Forces in Tripura 4.4.3 How Tripura Overcame Insurgency 4.5 Human Development in Tripura 4.6 Summary 4.7 Key Terms 4.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 4.9 Questions and Exercises 4.10 Further Reading Introduction INTRODUCTION Tripura is a small land-locked state located on the eastern side of India. With a NOTES population of approximately thirty-lakhs, Tripura is a part of the ‘seven sister states’. It shares its boundary with Bangladesh on majority of its sides and has very valuable forest, bamboo, rubber and natural resources. Ethnically too, the region is very rich in its culture with varied tribal population. The state in the modern times has suffered a lot due to the discord between state forces and the tribal organizations. From the social perspective, it is very important that we learn about the history of rulers in the state from the medieval times, arts and culture of the state, origins of the formation of the state Tripura and the resistance which surfaced in the process. Moreover, the understanding of the merger of the state with the Indian Union and the insurgency and human security help us understand the social fabric of the state. From the political perspective, and for effective administration, there is also a need to learn about the general revenue and the welfare administration of the state, the decentralization structure, electoral politics and the status of human development in Tripura. This book, Administration and Politics in Tripura, has been designed keeping in mind the self-instruction mode format and follows a simple pattern, wherein each unit of the book begins with ‘Introduction’ to the topic followed by ‘Unit Objectives’. The content is then presented in a simple and easy-to-understand manner, and is interspersed with an ‘Check Your Progress’ questions to test the reader’s understanding of the topic. A list of ‘Questions and Exercises’ is also provided at the end of each unit that includes short-answer as well as long-answer questions. The ‘Summary’ and ‘Key Terms’ section are useful tools for students and are meant for effective recapitulation of the text. Self-Instructional Material 1 History of Tripura UNIT 1 HISTORY OF TRIPURA Structure NOTES 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Unit Objectives 1.2 Tripura: The Land, The People, Religion and Language 1.2.1 Tripura: The Land 1.2.2 People 1.2.3 Language and Religion 1.3 State Formation in Ancient Tripura 1.3.1 Ancient Period 1.3.2 Pre-colonial Manikya Period 1.4 History of Tripura Raj: Ancient, Medieval and Modern 1.4.1 Ancient Period 1.4.2 Pre-colonial or Medieval Period 1.4.3 Modern Period 1.5 Rise, Reform and Recline of the Raj: Tripura’s Ties with Tagore 1.5.1 Tripura’s Ties with Tagore 1.6 Tripura’s Merger with the Indian Union 1.7 Summary 1.8 Key Terms 1.9 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.10 Questions and Exercises 1.11 Further Reading 1.0 INTRODUCTION Tripura is a small state in the North East region of India. It is a land-locked state which is bounded by other Indian states and the neighbouring country Bangladesh. Being at a sensitive location, the state of Tripura is prone to insurgency which is a cause of continuous conflict and disturbances in the state. The history of the state of Tripura is a great one where the state has been ruled by the Kings of the Manikya Dynasty for over 500 years. Under the rule of these kings, Tripura was always an autonomous and independent state. In fact, under the kings, Tripura was a progressive state, but it saw a decline when the state came in contact with the Mughals and later the British.