SYSTEM INFORMATION COMMON COMMAND EXAMPLES TOKENS USED IN SENDMAIL.CF Hostname ifconfig plumb # Solaris: probe for network interfaces Token Debug Meaning ifconfig lo0 127.0.0.1 up # Loopback interface ifconfig en0 inet 128.130.240.1 up netmask $@ Match zero tokens (V8 only) 0xFFFFFF00 broadcast 128.130.240.255 $- ^R Match exactly one token $+ ^Q Match one or more tokens Internet (IP) address route add net 128.130.138.0 128.130.240.12 1 $* ^P Match zero or more tokens route add default 128.130.240.12 1 $X Match value of macro variable X # BSD/OS and OSF/1 use –net and –host and no metric $&X Match value of X at run time route add –net 128.130.138.0 128.130.240.12 $=X ^SX Match any token in class X Ethernet address route add default 128.130.240.12 $~X ^TX Match any token not in class X netstat –rn # Routing table (numeric addresses) The Debug column shows the tokens as they will be printed netstat – en0 5 # Monitor en0 at 5-second intervals by sendmail in address test mode (sendmail -bt). netstat –in # Interfaces (numeric addresses) Hub and port numbers dump 0uf /dev/nrst0 /users # Level 0 dump DNS RECORD TYPES dump 0f – /usr | (cd /mnt; restore rvf –) # Copy tar cf – ./from | (cd todir; tar xvfp –) # Copy dir Type Syntax Emergency contact person # Find object files larger than 1MB not accessed in a year SOA zone [ttl] IN SOA primary admin serial find /users –type f –name "*.o" –size +1048576c refresh retry expire min –atime +365 –print NS zone [ttl] IN NS host # List all C source files sorted by number of lines A hostname [ttl] IN A ipaddr PTR ipaddr [ttl] IN PTR hostname Boot command find . –name "*.c" –exec wc –l {} \; | sort –nr # A more efficient version MX hostname [ttl] IN MX pref host … find . –name "*.c" –print | xargs wc –l | sort –nr CNAME nickname [ttl] IN CNAME hostname RP hostname [ttl] IN RP admin txt # Run in daemon mode, process queue every 30 min TXT name [ttl] IN TXT text … Disk partitions, tape drives, etc. sendmail –bd –q30m # Run in address test mode with a new config file In SOA, primary is the IP address of the primary name server, sendmail –bt –C/etc/sendmail.cf.new and admin is the email address of the administrator with the @ replaced by a period. ps –axu # User-oriented output in BSD (slow) The last four values are timeouts in seconds. Secondaries ps –axl # Technical output in BSD (fast) check in every refresh seconds; if the primary cannot be ps –ef # User-oriented output in System V contacted, the secondaries try again every retry seconds. ps –efl # Technical output in System V After expire seconds, a secondary will stop trying. min is the default time-to-live (ttl) for all records. SENDMAIL RULESET ORDER We suggest the following values: refresh 21600 (6 hours) retry 1800 (30 minutes) 0 expire 1209600 (2 weeks) START min 432000 (5 days) 1 S Envelope In RP, admin is the administrator’s email address (similarly encoded), and txt is the name of a TXT record (or set of TXT A Prentice Hall book by Evi Nemeth, Garth Snyder, Scott 3 D 4 Seebass, and Trent R. Hein. ISBN 0-13-151051-7 records) that contains further information. 2 R Headers Remember to update the SOA’s serial field whenever you Information and on-line orders: http://www.admin.com/ modify a zone’s configuration files. SUGGESTED HARDWARE VENDORS DB-25 TO DB-25 RS-232 CONNECTIONS CONTROLLING RUNNING PROCESSES This is a table of network hardware vendors that we still Legend Straight Nulled Proc Operation Command trust, recommend, and use ourselves today. We have no cron Reread crontab (BSD) kill -HUP pid association or connection with any of these vendors. Frame ground FG 1 1 1 1 Transmitted data TD 2 2 2 2 gated Reread config file kill -HUP pid Received data RD 3 3 3 3 Dump current state kill -INT pid Vendor State Telephone Request to send RTS 4 4 4 4 Clear to send CTS 5 5 5 5 Graceful shutdown kill -TERM pid Data set ready DSR 6 6 6 6 Toggle tracing kill -USR1 pid Cables and connectors Signal ground SG 7 7 7 7 AMP PA (800) 522-6752 Data carrier detect DCD 8 8 8 8 Check net interfaces kill -USR2 pid Data terminal ready DTR 20 20 20 20 Anixter IL (708) 677-2600 inetd Reread config file kill -HUP pid Belden Cable IN (319) 983-5200 init Go to single-user mode kill -TERM 1 Black Box Corporation PA (412) 746-5500 (BSD) Reread terminal config kill -HUP 1 Krone CO (800) 992-9901 MINI DIN-8/DB-9 STRAIGHT CABLES init Go to single-user mode telinit S Lan-Tech CO (303 695-9473 (Sys V) Change run level telinit level Newark Electronics IL (312) 784-5100 Reread inittab file telinit -q The Siemon Company CT (203) 274-2523 DIN-8 DB-9 DB-25 Signal and function named Reread config files kill -HUP pid Dump DB and cache kill -INT pid Test equipment 3 2 2 TD Transmitted data Dump stats kill -IOT pid Fluke WA (800) 323-5700 5 3 3 RD Received data Dump stats (some OSs) kill -ABRT pid The Siemon Company CT (203) 274-2523 6 8 4 RTS Request to send Dump database files kill -TERM pid Wavetek CA (800) 854-2708 2 7 5 CTS Clear to send – 6 6 DSR Data set ready Increment debug level kill -USR1 pid Repeaters and hubs 4,8 5 7 SG Signal ground Turn off debugging kill -USR2 pid Allied Telesis CA (415) 964-2771 7 4 8 DCD Data carrier detect Toggle query logging kill -WINCH pid Cabletron NH (603) 332-9400 1 1 20 DTR Data terminal ready Routers Cisco Systems CA (415) 326-1941 USEFUL INTERNET SITES FOUR-PAIR UTP WIRING FOR RJ-45 Category URL PINOUTS FOR SERIAL CONNECTORS Pair Colors Wired to Diagram Software ftp://ftp.uu.net/ ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/ 1 White/Blue Pins 4/5 TOP ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/ RJ-45 DB-9 (male) 2 White/Orange Pins 3/6 3 White/Green Pins 1/2 8 1 Sysadmin http://www.usenix.org/ 4 White/Brown Pins 7/8 http://www.ora.com/ Top Banking http://www.wellsfargo.com/ View a. This scheme reflects the TIA/EIA-568A standard. 1 2 3 4 5 http://www.mastercard.com/ http://www.bofa.com/ 6 7 8 9 8 1 DISK BLOCK SIZES Consumer goods http://www.internet.net/ http://internet-plaza.net/ System du df quot http://www.hot.presence.com/ http://www.cdnow.com/ Mini DIN-8 (male) DB-25 (male) Solaris 2.4 512a 512a 1024 Travel http://www.goalamo.com/ HP-UX 9.0 1024 1024 2048b http://www.vegas.com/ IRIX 5.2 512a 512a 1024 1 13 http://www.travelweb.com/ 6 7 8 SunOS 4.1.3 1024 1024 1024 Shipping http://www.ups.com/ DEC’s OSF/1 2.0 512a 512a 1024 3 4 5 c http://www.fedex.com/ 14 25 BSD/OS 2.0 512 1024 – 1 2 Government http://www.odci.gov/ a. You can get 1K blocks with the -k option. http://www.uspto.gov/ b. True only with quot -h. Weather http://cirrus.sprl.umich.edu/wxnet/ c. Uses environment variable BLOCKSIZE, if defined..