Dissertationes legilinguisticae 11 Legilinguistic studies 11 Studies in Legal Language and Communication Dissertationes legilinguisticae Legilinguistic studies Studies in Legal Language and Communication Editor-in-chief: Aleksandra Matulewska Co-editors: Karolina Gortych-Michalak Editor of the volume: Paulina Nowak-Korcz © Copyright the Author and Institute of Linguistics of Adam Mickiewicz University Volume 11 ADVISORY BOARD Marcus Galdia Fernando Prieto Ramos Hannes Kniffka Artur Kubacki Maria Teresa Lizisowa Judith Rosenhouse Reviewer: Onorina Botezat ISBN 978-83-65287-50-2 Wydawnictwo Naukowe CONTACT Poznań 2017 2 Dissertationes legilinguisticae 11 Legilinguistic studies 11 Studies in Legal Language and Communication Methodology for Interlingual Comparison of Legal Terminology. Towards General Legilinguistic Translatology Paulina Kozanecka Aleksandra Matulewska Paula Trzaskawka Wydawnictwo Naukowe CONTACT Poznań 2017 4 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................... 7 Abbreviations .............................................................................. 9 Introduction ............................................................................. 11 I Purpose and Scope of Research ......................................... 11 II Research Methods.. ............................................................ 14 III Research Material.. ............................................................ 14 IV Research Hypotheses ......................................................... 15 Chapter 1. 1. Legal families in Context of Legal Languages .................... 17 1.1. Distinguishing Legal Cultures, Legal Traditions and Legal Families…. .......................................................... 17 1.1.1. Legal cultures ..................................................... 18 1.1.2. Legal traditions ................................................... 21 1.1.3. Legal families ..................................................... 23 1.2. Concluding remarks ....................................................... 25 Chapter 2. 2. Legal Families of the World .................................................. 27 2.1. Legal family of continental Europe ............................... 27 2.1.1. French law .......................................................... 28 2.1.2. German law ........................................................ 31 2.2. Legal family of common law ......................................... 33 2.3. Legal family of East Asia .............................................. 37 2.3.1. Chinese law ........................................................ 37 2.3.2. Japanese law ....................................................... 46 2.4. Legal families of religious systems ............................... 51 2.4.1. Islamic law .......................................................... 51 2.4.2. Hindu law ........................................................... 53 2.5. Concluding remarks ....................................................... 55 Chapter 3. 3. Linguistic, legal and translation norms ................................ 57 3.1. Linguistic norms ............................................................ 59 3.2. Usage versus norm ......................................................... 63 3.3. Norms and provisions in law – disambiguation between a norm in law, a legal norm and a legal provision ........ 64 3.4. Translation norms .......................................................... 75 3.5. Legal and certified translation norms ............................ 83 3.6. Concluding remarks ....................................................... 84 Chapter 4. 4. Techniques of providing equivalents as translation norms .. 87 4.1. Near equivalence in legal translation ............................. 96 4.2. Partial equivalence ....................................................... 104 4.3. Non-equivalence .......................................................... 108 4.4. Concluding remarks ..................................................... 117 Chapter 5. 5. Making conscious translative decisions ............................. 119 5.1. Terms denoting age of majority and minority in Polish and English……. ......................................................... 119 5.2. Translational conclusions ............................................ 129 Concluding Remarks and Evaluation of the Research Results. Expected impact of the research project on the development of science, civilization and society .................... 131 References ............................................................................... 141 Appendix 1. Exemplary table presenting possible equivalents coined for non-litigious registration procedures concerning entries in the Polish National Court Register [Krajowy Rejestr Sądowy] regulated by articles 6941-6948 ............................ 163 Appendix 2. Exemplary table presenting differences in meaning revealed thanks to parametrization of the following English terms: minor, juvenile, adult, underage .............................. 175 6 Acknowledgements The financial support granted by the National Science Centre of the Republic of Poland (Sonata Bis program – the research grant no. DEC-2012/07/E/HS2/00678, titled: Parametrisation of legilinguistic translatology in the scope of civil law and civil procedure) has enabled to finance research into the following language pairs listed in the alphabetic order: Polish-Chinese, Polish- English, Polish-Hungarian, Polish-Modern Greek, Polish-Spanish, Polish-Swedish. We are particularly grateful for advice, support, encouragement and inspiration provided by Prof. Jerzy Bańczerowski (Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland). His pioneering research (inspired by Batóg’s works) into axiomatic linguistics led us into this field. Prof. Jerzy Bańczerowski kindly read the first and the final drafts of this book and commented on it elaborately and we did our best to incorporate his valuable comments into the final work. We are also greatly indebted to Prof. Feliks Zedler (Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland) who kindly shared his knowledge in the field of law and always inspired and encouraged us to carry out the research into legal translation. We would like to express our gratitude to Prof. Władysław Zabrocki for his invaluable comments and critical remarks on the rules of formulating scientific theories. We would also like to thank a number of people who have helped us in a variety of ways. We need to thank in particular all persons and institutions enabling us to attain this publication. Finally, we give special thanks to our family members for being so patient and understanding when we devoted more time to writing the book than to them. At the same time, we would like to apologize for any remaining inaccuracies which readers may find in this book as we alone are responsible for them. 7 Translations of quotations were rendered by the authors. 8 Abbreviations ADHGB – General German Commercial Code (Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch) BGB – German Civil Code (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch) Dz. U. – Dziennik Ustaw [Polish Journal of Laws] EU – European Union Ger. – German GPCL – Chinese General Provisions of Civil Law Gs – general statement Hy. – hypothesis ISO – International Organization for Standardization IT – information technology JCC – Japanese Civil Code KMT – Chinese National Party (Kuomintang) Li – source language lit. – literal translation Lj – target language LSP – language for special purposes, language for specific purposes M – meaning M. P. – Monitor Polski [Polish Official Gazette] NPC – Chinese National People’s Congress PN-EN – Polish-English Po – postulate PRC – People’s Republic of China SL – source language SLOT – source-language oriented translation SPC – Chinese Supreme People’s Court ST – source text STP – Association of Polish Translators and Interpreters TEPIS – Towarzystwo Tłumaczy Przysięgłych i Specjalistycznych [Polish Society of Sworn and Specialised Translators] TL – target language TLOT – target-language oriented translation TT – target text UK – United Kingdom 9 US – United States USA – the United States of America USSR – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ZTP – Zasady Techniki Prawodawczej [Polish Regulation on Principles of Legislative Technique] 10 Introduction I. Purpose, scope of research The work is a continuation of the presentation of results of the research into the process of verification/falsification of a tentative theory of legal translation presented in Bańczerowski & Matulewska (2012) and Matulewska (2013). In six previous volumes of Dissertationes Legilinguisticae series the results of the process of testing the theory for six language pairs have been presented. The volumes from 5 to 10 focus on particularistic legilinguistic translatology. Volume 5 is devoted to Polish-English (Matulewska 2017), volume 6 to Polish-Hungarian (Kaczmarek 2017), volume 7 to Polish-Spanish (Nowak-Michalska 2017), volume 8 to Polish- Swedish (Hadryan 2017), volume 8 to Polish-Chinese (Grzybek & Fu Xin 2017), and finally volume 10 to Polish-Greek (Gortych- Michalak 2017) legal translatology. As it has already been stressed, all languages under scrutiny: “belong to different legal systems. Poland, Hungary, Greece, Sweden and Spain belong to the so-called civil law countries. It should be stressed here that Hungary and Poland are post-communist countries. Thus, a research hypothesis may be put forward here that the differences between Polish and Hungarian