Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X COST ANALYSIS OF DISTRIBUTION OF THE COVID-19 VACCINEUSING K- MEANS METHOD AND CENTER OF GRAVITYIN JAVA ISLAND – INDONESIA Mira Yanto1, Thyar Romadhon2, Andhika Putrana Isdy3, Fahrul Arifin4, Muchammad Fauzi5 1,2,3,4,5Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Widyatama University, Bandung, Indonesia 1Corresponding Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The Covid-19 pandemic has caused panic everywhere, hundreds of thousands of people have been infected and thousands of others have died. After vaccines from several countries were found, WHO recommended mass vaccination to prevent Covid-19. The vaccine distribution process has been intensified, including in Indonesia. The vaccine distribution center on the island of Java is located in Bandung City, which is proposed to create a new Distribution Center so that the distribution process of vaccines at the 6 Health Offices in Java Island can be carried out quickly, in a structured manner, and that the distribution costs incurred are a minimum. The research objective was to analyze transportation costs by designing a distribution network of several distribution schemes to minimize the distribution costs for the covid-19 vaccine in Java using the K-means Method and the Center of Gravity Method. The results of the research to determine the clusterization obtained 2 clusters. Cluster 1 consists of the provinces of Central Java, D.I Yogyakarta, and East Java, cluster 2 consists of the provinces of DKI Jakarta, Banten, and West Java. From the 2 clusters, we determined the location of the new Distribution Center and obtained 2 Distribution Centers. DC cluster 1 is located at (-7.318609331, 111.3109342) Gembol area, Karanganyar District, Ngawi Regency, East Java, and DC cluster 2 is located at (-6.394390567, 106.8367357) JL Area. Sentosa Raya 9-16, Mekar Jaya, Sukmajaya District, Depok City, West Java. The total transportation cost for distributing the Covid-19 vaccine in scheme 1 is Rp. 67.748.880, the proposal for scheme 2 is Rp. 92.391.067, and the proposed scheme 3 is Rp. 80.089.714. Keywords:Vaccine, Covid-19, Distribution, K-Means Method, Center of Gravity I. INTRODUCTION The corona virus (Covid-19) pandemic has raised new challenges that must be overcome immediately by a country. Many countries carry out policies that are implemented in every part of their territories such as a lockdown policy system, or policies to maintain distance from the community (Valerisha & Putra, 2020). Other efforts that can be made by the community are by properly understanding the symptoms of covid-19 and the community must implement clean and healthy living behavior, namely by maintaining cleanliness and physical fitness, frequently washing hands with soap or antiseptic liquid, wearing masks, applying ethics. Coughing and sneezing properly, maintaining distance, and limiting activities outside the home if there is no need (Humairo, et al., 2021). Some countries show the success of this policy, but some show the failure of this policy. Thus, to break the chain the spread of the covid-19 virus is to implement health protocols and carry out vaccination efforts (Valerisha & Putra, 2020). After the discovery of vaccines by several countries in the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that all countries carry out mass vaccinations to prevent covid-19 (Rahman, 2021). Covid-19 vaccination aims to reduce the transmission of covid-19, reduce the death rate from covid-19, and protect the public from covid-19 (Ministry of Health, 2021). Government policy in responding quickly to the development of vaccine research and the use of vaccines as a solution in overcoming pandemic problems in Indonesia (Shafa & Sriwidodo, 2021). www.turkjphysiotherrehabil.org 9731 Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X The pandemic problem in Indonesia has finally been formally resolved through Presidential Decree 99 of 2020 and Minister of Health Regulation Number 84 of 2020 concerning Implementation of Vaccinations in the Context of Covid-19 Pandemic Management (Farmalkes, 2021). The Presidential Regulation on Vaccines mostly regulates cooperation in vaccine distribution and also has several roles in implementing vaccine distribution in Indonesia. The implementation of vaccination in Indonesia is carried out simultaneously by 34 Provinces in stages. In January, the focus of vaccination is on the provincial capitals and districts/cities bordering the capital city. It is targeted that in February, all targets for Health Human Resources will have been vaccinated (Ministry of Health, 2021). Indonesia has a land area of 1.92 million square kilometers with a population density of 14 people per square kilometer. According to Central Statistics Agency(2021), the results of the Population Census (SP2020) in September 2020 recorded a population of 270.20 million people. The distribution of Indonesia's population is still concentrated on the island of Java. Although the geographical area is only about 7% of the entire territory of Indonesia, the population of Java Island is 151.59 million people. The male population is more than female, namely 76.3 million and 75.20 million, respectively. The province in Java which has the largest population in West Java, reaching 48.27 million people. Then followed by East Java with 40.66 million people, then Central Java with 36.51 million people. Then, Banten with a population of 11.91 million, DKI Jakarta 10.56 million, and the Special Region of Yogyakarta 3.66 million as illustrated in Figure 1. Banten East Java DI Yogyakarta Central Java West Java DKI Jakarta 0 5000000 10000000 15000000 20000000 25000000 DI DKI Jakarta West Java Central Java East Java Banten Yogyakarta Female 5227307 23765277 18153892 1850792 20374104 5834291 Male 5334781 24508885 18362143 1817927 20291592 6070271 Female Male Figure 1. Graph of the population in Java 2020 The density of the population on the island of Java will greatly impact the spread of the covid-19 virus. To prevent infection with the covid-19 virus, the Government provides vaccines to all Indonesians for free. In Indonesia, the vaccine company and given the responsibility by the government for the distribution of the covid- 19 vaccine is PT. XYZ. PT. XYZ is located in Bandung, West Java, which is engaged in the pharmaceutical industry specifically for vaccines in Indonesia, for the covid-19 vaccine is a special treatment so that its distribution is directly sent to the Provincial Health Office throughout Indonesia. The next process is the distribution process from the provincial level to the district or city level using vehicles equipped with special refrigeration facilities, cold boxes, vaccine carriers or other means of transportation for vaccines that are compatible with the type of covid-19 vaccine. For other supporting equipment and logistics using other standard carriers by the provisions (Topan & Yuniarto, 2021). The distribution of logistical assistance is a system of distributing and/or distributing logistical assistance from the area of origin to the destination area at the intended target (National Disaster Management Agency, 2019). Based on Presidential Decree No.7 of 2020, covid-19 disaster management forms a distribution network of logistical assistance designed based on Presidential Decree No.7 of 2020 which states that the distribution of logistical assistance starts from the central, provincial, district/city levels to warehouses according to its objectives and based on the channel approach. A selective distribution eliminates unprofitable distributors on the distribution network (Fauzi & Oktarina, 2020). According to Sadiqin as Division Head of Marketing at PT. XYZ assessed that the transportation costs for distributing Covid -19 vaccine products at PT. XYZ is very high because the distance of each destination is far www.turkjphysiotherrehabil.org 9732 Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X and different, coupled with large variable costs and fixed costs, the transportation costs for distributing the covid- 19 vaccine are very expensive. Based on these problems, the purpose of this study is to analyze the right distribution network to produce an optimal total distribution cost in Java using the K-means and Center of Gravity methods, then to calculate the distribution costs incurred in vaccine delivery it is calculated based on the vehicle operating costs. II. LITERATURE REVIEW Distribution is the process of distributing goods or services to be used or consumed by consumers (Ratnasari, Yuniarti, & Purnamasari, 2020). In distribution, of course, it cannot be separated from distribution costs. Factors affecting distribution costs at PT. XYZ, among others, distribution distance and vehicle capacity. One of the determinations of distribution costs depends on the distance traveled, so it is necessary to cluster in order to find a distribution center that is suitable for each cluster. The K-means method is used by researchers to determine the right cluster based on the closest distance to create a distribution center that is close to the destination, so that the distribution process is optimal. In this study, the K-means method is used to determine clusters based on the closest distance. The distribution locations to be clustered consist of 6 provinces on the island of Java. K-Means Cluster Analysis is a non- hierarchical cluster analysis method that enters objects or data into one or more clusters that have been determined based on their characteristics (Puntoriz & Fibriani, 2020). The clusters that we get from the calculation are 2 clusters, which will be continued to determine the Distribution Center point using the Center of Gravity. n 2 dij = k=1(xik xjk ) (1) ∑ − The Center of Gravity or Gravity Location �Models method is one method that can be used to determine the location of facilities (for example, warehouses or factories) that connect sources of supply and several market locations (Anshori, Fudhla, & Hidayat, 2017).